1、Designation: D4986 10Standard Test Method forHorizontal Burning Characteristics of Cellular PolymericMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response test method describes a small-scale horizontally oriented burning test procedure for compar-in
3、g the relative rate of burning and the extent and time ofburning of cellular polymeric materials having a density lessthan 250 kg/m3.1.2 The classification system described in the Appendix X1is intended for quality assurance and the preselection ofcomponent materials for products.1.3 This standard m
4、easures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 The values st
5、ated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regu
6、latory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Note 3.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.NOTE 1This test method is equivalent to ISO 9772.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
7、2D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesD5025 Specification for Laboratory Burner Used for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE437 Specification for Industrial Wire Cloth and
8、Screens(Square Opening Series) (Discontinued 2000) Replaced byE 201632.2 ISO Standard:ISO 9772 Cellular PlasticsDetermination of HorizontalBurning Characteristics of Small Specimens Subjected toa Small Flame43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of fire-related terms used inthis test method,
9、refer to Terminology E176.3.1.1 afterflame time, nthe length of time for which amaterial continues to flame, under specified conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed.3.1.2 afterglow time, nthe length of time for which amaterial continues to glow under specified test conditions, afterthe
10、 ignition source has been removed or cessation of flaming,or both.3.1.3 flame, vto undergo combustion in the gaseous phasewith emission of light.3.1.4 glow, nvisible light, other than from flaming, emit-ted by a solid undergoing combustion.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method for measuring
11、the burning characteris-tics of cellular polymeric materials employs a small standardtest specimen 50 by 150 mm. The specimen is supportedhorizontally. One end is exposed to a specified gas flame for 60s and the extent of burning is measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a mea
12、ns of measuring thetime and extent of burning for cellular polymeric materials. Italso provides a means of measuring burning rates for materialsthat continue to burn past the specified gage marks.5.2 This test method provides a means of comparing theburning characteristics of materials of like thick
13、ness density,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 a
14、s D4986 03. DOI:10.1520/D4986-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approve
15、d version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
16、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cell size, and skin irregularities, including the effect of fallingparticles of cellular polymeric materials. It is suitable forquality control, specification acceptance, and for research anddevelopment. Examples include fill
17、ed or reinforced, rigid orflexible, or cut or formed materials5.3 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to oneor more specific sets of laboratory fire test exposure conditions.If different test conditions are substituted or if the anticipatedend-use conditions are changed, it is not alway
18、s possible fromthis test method to predict changes in the performance charac-teristics measured. Therefore, the results are strictly valid onlyfor the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.4 This test method is not intended to be a criterion for firehazard. The fire hazard crea
19、ted by materials depends upon theform and end use of the material. Assessment of fire hazardincludes, but is not limited to, many factors such as flamespread, burning rate, ease of ignition, fuel contribution, heatevolution, products of combustion, and others.6. Apparatus6.1 Test ChamberA laboratory
20、 hood free of induced orforced draft during test. The hood shall be totally enclosed,with a heat-resistant transparent window for observing the test.Alternatively, conduct the test in a cabinet placed inside thehood. The cabinet shall be constructed of noncombustiblematerials and shall have a transp
21、arent window for observingthe test. The cabinet must provide adequate ventilation forcharacteristic burning, but must not allow drafts across theburning specimen; therefore, a suitable damper is necessary insome cases.6.2 Laboratory BurnerBurner shall be constructed inaccordance with Specification D
22、5025.6.3 Wing TopWing top, having an opening 48 6 1mminlength by 1.3 6 0.05 mm in width fitted to the burner. (See Fig.1.)6.4 Gas SupplyMethane gas, technical grade or naturalgas having a heat content of 37 6 1 MJ/m3with suitableregulator and meter for uniform gas flow.6.5 Wire ClothLow-carbon, plai
23、n, steel wire, 6.4-mmmesh of 0.90 6 0.05-mm wire diameter. The cloth mesh andwire diameter shall be determined in accordance with Specifi-cation E437, Appendix X3. The wire cloth shall be cut toapproximately 215 by 75 mm and shall be formed to provide a90 bend at one end, 13 mm high. (See Fig. 1.)6.
24、6 Support FixtureAny fixture that will support the wirecloth horizontally, 13 6 1 mm above the burner wing top and175 6 25 mm above the base of the test chamber. Fig. 2 showsone acceptable arrangement.6.7 Timing Device(s)Accurate to 61s.6.8 Linear Measuring DeviceGraduated in millimeters.6.9 CottonA
25、 supply of dry, absorbent 100 % cotton.6.10 DesiccatorContaining a suitable drying agent, ca-pable of maintaining a relative humidity not exceeding 20 % at23 6 2C.6.11 Conditioning Room or ChamberCapable of beingmaintained at 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 6 10 %.6.12 Conditioning OvenA full-
26、draft circulating air ovencapable of being maintained at 70 6 2C.6.13 Dial Gage MicrometerFor measuring thicknesseswith a 650-mm2pressure ft exerting a pressure of0.175 6 0.035 kPa.7. Test Specimen7.1 Test specimens, for materials being considered in arange of colors, thicknesses and densities, shal
27、l have represen-tative ranges of these colors, thicknesses and densities tested.7.1.1 Test specimens in the minimum and maximum densi-ties shall be considered representative of the range, if the testresults yield the same flame test classification. If the burningcharacteristics are not essentially t
28、he same for all specimensrepresenting the range, evaluation is to be limited only to thematerials in the densities tested or additional test specimens inintermediate densities are to be tested to determine the range.7.1.2 Uncolored test specimens and test specimens with thehighest level of organic a
29、nd inorganic pigment loading byweight are considered representative of the color range, if theNOTEDimensions in millimetres.FIG. 1 Test Specimen and Specimen Support GauzeD4986 102test results yield the same flame test classification. Whencertain pigments are known to affect flammability characteris
30、-tics, they are also to be tested. Test specimens to be tested arethose that:(a) contain no coloring(b) contain the highest level of organic pigments beingconsidered for the respective application(c) contain the highest level of inorganic pigments beingconsidered for the respective application(d) co
31、ntain pigments which are known to adversely affectflammability characteristics7.2 All specimens shall be cut from a representative sampleof the material. Care shall be taken to remove all dust and anyparticles from the surface.7.3 The standard test specimen shall be 150 mm 6 10 mmlong by 50 mm 6 1 m
32、m wide. Materials supplied in thick-nesses over 13 mm shall be cut to 13 mm 6 1 mm thicknesswith any skin on one side. Materials supplied in thicknesses of13 mm or less shall be tested at the thickness supplied, withoutremoving any skin. (See 7.6.) If materials with adhesiveapplied are to be tested,
33、 specimens having adhesive on one sideonly shall be used. (See 7.6.)NOTE 2Tests made on test specimens of different thicknesses, ordirections of anisotropy are not comparable.7.4 Prepare a minimum of 20 specimens for the test. Thisincludes 10 additional specimens in the event that the situationdescr
34、ibed in X1.3 or X1.5 is encountered.7.5 Mark each specimen across its width with lines at 25mm, 60 mm and 125 mm from one end, referred to hereafter asgauge marks (see Fig. 1).7.6 Test specimens with a high density exterior (skin) onone side shall be tested with this side facing down. Testspecimens
35、with adhesive on one side shall be tested with thisside facing up.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition specimen sets as follows:8.1.1 Condition one set of five specimens for at least 48 h ata temperature of 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of50 6 10 % prior to testing.8.1.2 Condition a second set of five spe
36、cimens in a circu-lating air oven for 168 6 2hat706 2C, and then cool in adesiccator for at least4hatroom temperature prior to testing.8.2 All specimens shall be tested in a laboratory atmosphereof 15 to 35C and 45 to 75 % relative humidity.9. ProcedureNOTE 3Warning: Conduct the burning test in an e
37、nclosed laboratoryhood or cabinet free of induced or forced draft. An exhaust fan is requiredfor removing the products of combustion which may be toxic, immedi-ately after the test.NOTE 4To maintain a draft-free environment during the test, it maybe necessary to install a damper in the exhaust duct
38、which can be closedduring the test.9.1 Position the formed wire cloth in the support fixture sothat the major section is horizontal and the upturned edge isnearest the burner. The bottom of the cloth shall be 13 6 1mmabove the burner wing top and 175 mm above the base of thetest chamber. Place 0.05
39、to 0.08 g of cotton thinned to an areaapproximately 75 by 75 mm and a maximum thickness of 6mm. on the base of the test chamber under the front portion ofthe wire cloth having the upturned ends.9.2 Place the test specimen flat on the wire cloth with the150 by 50-mm surface horizontal. The end of the
40、 specimencloser to the 60-mm mark is to be placed in contact with theupturned end of the wire cloth. (See Fig. 1.)9.3 Place the burner, with wing top, remote from thespecimen, ignite, and adjust it to produce a blue flame 38 mmhigh. Adjust the gas supply and the air ports of the burner untila yellow
41、-tipped blue flame is produced, and then increase theair supply until the yellow tip just disappears. Measure theheight of the flame, and, if necessary, readjust to obtain a flame38 6 2 mm high.9.4 Place the burner under the upturned end of the wirecloth so that one edge of the flame is in line with
42、 the upturnedend and the other edge of the flame extends into the front endof the specimen. (See Fig. 3.) The center of the wing top is toFIG. 2 Support Gauze HolderFIG. 3 Details of Flame and Relative Positions of Burner WingTop, Test Specimen, and Specimen Support GauzeD4986 103be in line with the
43、 longitudinal axis of the specimen.9.5 Start the timing device(s) when the test flame is applied.Remove the flame after 60 s. Record the times when the flamereaches the 25-mm, 60-mm, or 125-mm mark, when thespecimen extinguishes.9.6 If the specimen burns past the 125-mm mark, the timefor the specime
44、n to burn from the 25-mm mark to the 125-mmmark is to be determined. Record the time, in seconds, as theburning time, t. Calculate the burning rate as 600/t cm/min.9.7 If the specimen ceases to burn, the duration of the totalafterflame plus afterglow time after removal of the test flame isto be reco
45、rded. The furthest distance affected by burning(flaming plus glowing) is to be measured and recorded. Also, itis to be noted whether or not the cotton placed 175 mm belowthe test specimen was ignited by flaming particles.9.8 If the specimen does not burn after removal of the testflame, record the du
46、ration of afterflame time as zero. Thefurthest distance affected by burning is to be measured andrecorded. Note whether or not the cotton was ignited.9.9 Repeat the procedure in 9.1 through 9.8 on the fourremaining specimens for each set. If a new wire cloth is notused for each test, any material re
47、maining on the wire clothfrom previous tests is to be burned off and the wire clothallowed to cool to room temperature before conducting the test.NOTE 5When the test chamber is in continuous use, heating of thechamber may affect test results.10. Report10.1 The complete report shall include the follo
48、wing:10.1.1 Material IdentificationThe generic description,manufacturer, commercial designation, lot number, color, con-ditioning, density, thickness, and the presence or absence ofskin.10.1.2 The burning rate of each specimen that has burned tothe 125-mm mark.10.1.3 The duration of afterflame and a
49、fterglow time and thedistance affected for each specimen.10.1.4 Whether or not any of the specimens drip flamingparticles that ignite cotton.10.1.5 Note any unusual burning phenomena, such aswarpage, shrinkage, melting, or other atypical responses.10.1.6 The statement: “These data describe the response ofmaterials to heat and flame under controlled laboratory condi-tions.”10.1.7 If the material will be classified, indicate the categorydesignation from the classification system in Appendix X1.11. Precision and Bias11.1 An interlaboratory test progr
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