1、Designation: D4986 18Standard Test Method forHorizontal Burning Characteristics of Cellular PolymericMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard contains a test methodfor small-scale laboratory procedures to be used to determineth
3、e relative rate of burning and the extent and time of burningof horizontally oriented cellular polymeric materials having adensity less than 250 kg/m3.1.2 The results are intended to serve as a preliminaryindication of their acceptability with respect to flammability fora particular application. The
4、 final acceptance of the material isdependent upon its use in the end-product that conforms withthe standards applicable to such end-product.1.3 The classification system described in the Appendix X1is intended for quality assurance and the preselection ofcomponent materials for products.1.4 This st
5、andard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 The v
6、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine t
7、he applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specific hazard statement, see 6.1.1.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.NOTE 1This test method is equivalent to ISO 9772.1.8 This internatio
8、nal standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Commit
9、tee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesD5025 Specification for Laboratory Burner Used for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic Materials
10、E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE2016 Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 9772 Cellular PlasticsDetermination of HorizontalBurning Characteristics of Small Specimens Subjected toa Small Flame33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of fire-related terms us
11、ed in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176. For definitions of termsrelating to plastics in this test method, refer to TerminologyD883.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 afterflame, nflame that persists after the ignitionsource has been removed.3.2.2 afterflame time, nthe
12、 length of time for which amaterial continues to flame, under specified conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed.3.2.3 afterglow, npersistence of glowing combustion afterboth removal of the ignition source and the cessation of anyflaming (Terminology E176).1This test method is under the
13、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4986 10. DOI:10.1520/D4986-18.2For referenced
14、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.
15、,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internatio
16、nally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.4 afterglow time, nthe length of time for which a
17、material continues to glow under specified test conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed or cessation of flaming,or both.3.2.5 flame, vto undergo combustion in the gaseous phasewith emission of light.3.2.6 glow, nvisible light, other than from flaming, emit-ted by a solid undergoing com
18、bustion.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method for measuring the burning characteris-tics of cellular polymeric materials employs a small standardtest specimen 50 by 150 mm. The specimen is supportedhorizontally. One end of the test specimen is exposed to aspecified gas flame for 60 s. The te
19、st method is used to measurethe burning rate, the extent of burning and the times forafterglow and afterflame.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring thetime and extent of burning for cellular polymeric materials. Italso provides a means of measuring burning rates f
20、or materialsthat continue to burn past the specified gage marks.5.2 This test method provides a means of comparing theburning characteristics of materials of like thickness density,cell size, and skin irregularities, including the effect of fallingparticles of cellular polymeric materials. It is sui
21、table forquality control, specification acceptance, and for research anddevelopment. Examples include filled or reinforced, rigid orflexible, or cut or formed materials5.3 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to oneor more specific sets of laboratory fire test exposure conditions.If diff
22、erent test conditions are substituted or if the anticipatedend-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible fromthis test method to predict changes in the performance charac-teristics measured. Therefore, the results are strictly valid onlyfor the fire test exposure conditions described in
23、this procedure.5.4 This test method is not intended to be a criterion for firehazard. The fire hazard created by materials depends upon theform and end use of the material. Assessment of fire hazardincludes, but is not limited to, many factors such as flamespread, burning rate, ease of ignition, fue
24、l contribution, heatevolution, products of combustion, and others.6. Apparatus6.1 Test ChamberA laboratory hood with a minimumcapacity of 0.5 m3, free of induced or forced draft duringtesting. Use an enclosed laboratory hood with a heat-resistantglass window. If a draft is noted with the exhaust fan
25、 off,further measures are needed to eliminate the draft, such asadding a positive closing damper. The inside surfaces of thechamber shall be of a dark color. When a light meter, facingtowards the rear of the chamber is positioned in place of thetest specimen, the light level shall be less than 20 lx
26、.6.1.1 WarningProducts of combustion are toxic. An ex-haust fan shall be provided for removing the products ofcombustion immediately after the test.6.2 Laboratory BurnerBurner shall be constructed inaccordance with Specification D5025.6.3 Wing TopWing top made of copper or stainless steel,having an
27、opening 48 6 1 mm in length by 1.3 6 0.05 mm inwidth fitted to the burner. (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.)6.4 Gas SupplyUse technical-grade methane gas (min.98 % pure) as the fuel with suitable regulator and meter foruniform gas flow.6.4.1 The use of natural gas having an energy density of37 6 1 MJ/m3has b
28、een found to provide similar results but isnot acceptable as the referee gas in cases of dispute.6.4.2 The use of other fuel gases such as butane, propane oracetylene is not suitable because they have higher energy perunit volume.6.5 Wire ClothLow-carbon, plain, steel wire, 6.4-mmmesh of 0.90 6 0.05
29、-mm wire diameter. The cloth mesh andwire diameter shall be determined in accordance with Specifi-cation E2016. The wire cloth shall be cut to approximately 215by 75 mm. (See Fig. 1.)6.6 Support FixtureAny fixture that will support the wirecloth horizontally, 13 6 1 mm above the burner wing top andF
30、IG. 1 Support Gauze HolderD4986 182175 6 25 mm above the base of the test chamber. Fig. 1 showsone acceptable arrangement.6.7 Timing Device(s)Stopwatch or other suitable timingdevice capable of timing to the nearest 0.5 seconds.6.8 Linear Measuring DeviceGraduated in millimeters.6.9 CottonA supply o
31、f dry, absorbent 100 % surgicalcotton.6.10 DesiccatorContaining a suitable drying agent, ca-pable of maintaining a relative humidity not exceeding 20 % at23 6 2C.6.11 Conditioning Room or ChamberCapable of beingmaintained at 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 6 10 %.6.12 Conditioning OvenA full-d
32、raft circulating air ovencapable of being maintained at 70 6 2C.6.13 Dial Gauge MicrometerFor measuring thicknesseswith a 650-mm2pressure ft exerting a pressure of0.175 6 0.035 kPa.7. Test Specimen7.1 Since the results of tests carried out on test specimensof difference colors, thicknesses, densitie
33、s, molecular weightsor containing different levels or amounts of additives arepotentially different, the additional considerations indicated in7.1.1 through 7.1.2 shall apply.7.1.1 When conducting tests on test specimens at theminimum and maximum densities and melt flows, the testresults shall only
34、be considered representative of the completerange, if the results yield the same burning characteristics,including the same flame test classification.7.1.2 If the burning characteristics, including the flame testclassification, are not essentially the same for all specimensrepresenting the range tes
35、ted, the test results shall be consid-ered to apply only to those materials for which the actual color,thickness, density, molecular mass and level of additives havebeen tested. Additional specimens shall be tested for interme-diate ranges of each property.FIG. 2 Details of Flame and Relative Positi
36、ons of Burner Wing Top, Test Specimen, and Specimen Support GauzeD4986 1837.2 The range of flammability characteristics is likely to beaffected by the pigments and for each individual type ofpigment, the flammability is likely to range between thatcorresponding to the highest level and that correspo
37、nding to nopigment. Testing as follows is required and is likely to coverthe range of flammability performance:(a) contain no pigments (natural)(b) contain the highest level of organic pigments(c) contain the highest level of inorganic pigments(d) contain the highest level of carbon black (if carbon
38、black is one of the additives in a pigment package)(e) contain pigments which are known to adversely affectflammability characteristics7.3 All specimens shall be cut from a representative sampleof the material. Care shall be taken to remove all dust and anyparticles from the surface.7.4 The standard
39、 test specimen shall be 150 mm 6 10 mmlong by 50 mm 6 1 mm wide. Materials supplied in thick-nesses over 13 mm shall be cut to 13 mm 6 1 mm thicknesswith any skin on one side. Materials supplied in thicknesses of13 mm or less shall be tested at the thickness supplied, withoutremoving any skin. (See
40、7.7.) If materials with adhesiveapplied are to be tested, specimens having adhesive on one sideonly shall be used. (See 7.7.)NOTE 2Tests made on test specimens of different thicknesses, ordirections of anisotropy are not comparable.7.5 Prepare a minimum of 20 specimens for the test. Thisincludes 10
41、additional specimens in the event that the situationdescribed in X1.3 or X1.5 is encountered.7.6 Mark each specimen across its width with lines at 25mm, 60 mm and 125 mm from one end, referred to hereafter asgauge marks (see Fig. 2).7.7 Test specimens with a high density exterior (skin) onone side s
42、hall be tested with this side facing down. Testspecimens with adhesive on one side shall be tested with thisside facing up.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition specimen sets as follows:8.1.1 Condition one set of five specimens for at least 48 h ata temperature of 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of50 6 10 %
43、prior to testing.8.1.2 Condition a second set of five specimens in a circu-lating air oven for 168 6 2hat706 2C, and then cool in adesiccator capable of maintaining a relative humidity notexceeding 20 % at 23 6 2C for at least4hatroom tempera-ture prior to testing.8.2 All specimens shall be tested i
44、n a laboratory atmosphereof 15 to 35C and 75 % relative humidity.8.3 Cotton shall be conditioned in the desiccator for at least24 hours prior to use. Once removed from the desiccator, thecotton shall be used within 30 minutes.9. Procedure9.1 Conduct the burning test in a chamber, enclosure, orlabora
45、tory hood constructed in accordance with 6.1 and free ofinduced or forced draft.9.2 Position the formed wire cloth in the support fixture sothat the major section is horizontal. The bottom of the clothshall be 13 6 1 mm above the burner wing top and 175 mmabove the base of the test chamber. Place 0.
46、18 g of cottonthinned to an area approximately 75 by 75 mm and a maximumthickness of 6 mm on the base of the test chamber. The cottonis to be located under the wire cloth such that it is below thefront end of the specimen and extends at least up to 60 mmreference mark on the specimen.9.3 The test sp
47、ecimen is to be placed flat on the wire clothwith the 150 by 50-mm surface horizontal. The end of thespecimen closer to the 60-mm mark is to be placed on the wirecloth such that the edge of the specimen width is between thesecond and third vertical wire (from the left) of the rectangularwire cloth w
48、hen the set-up is viewed from the top. (See Fig. 2.)NOTE 3To secure the position of the specimen on the wire cloth,stoppers may be used as references on the frame.9.4 Adjust the methane gas supply to the burner to producea gas flow rate of 965 6 30 mL/min with a back pressure of125 6 25 mm water. Pl
49、ace the burner, with wing top, remotefrom the specimen, ignite, and adjust it to produce a blue flame38 6 2 mm high. Adjust the gas supply, back pressure, and theair ports of the burner until a yellow-tipped blue flame isproduced, and then increase the air supply until the yellow tipjust disappears. Measure the height of the flame, and, ifnecessary, readjust to obtain a flame 38 6 2 mm high. Theflame height measurement shall be made from the outsideedges of the curved wing-tip.9.5 Place the burner under the foam specimen so that theinner edge of the
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