1、Designation: D5030/D5030M 13aStandard Test Methods forDensity of Soil and Rock in Place by the Water ReplacementMethod in a Test Pit1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5030/D5030M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thein-place density of soil and rock using
3、water to fill a lined testpit to determine the volume of the test pit. The use of the word“rock” in these test methods is used to imply that the materialbeing tested will typically contain particles larger than 3 in. 75mm.1.2 These test methods are best suited for test pits with avolume between appr
4、oximately 3 and 100 ft30.08 and 2.83m3. In general, the materials tested would have maximumparticle sizes over 5 in. 125 mm. These test methods may beused for larger sized excavations if desirable.1.2.1 This procedure is usually performed using circularmetal templates with inside diameters of 3 ft 0
5、.9 m or more.Other shapes or materials may be used providing they meet therequirements of these test methods and the guidelines given inAnnex A1 for the minimum volume of the test pit.1.2.2 Test Method D4914 may be used as an alternativemethod. Its use, however, is usually only practical for volumed
6、etermination of test pits between approximately 1 and 6 ft30.03 and 0.17 m3.1.2.3 Test Method D1556 or Test Method D2167 is usuallyused to determine the volume of test holes smaller than 1 ft30.03 m3.1.3 The two procedures are described as follows:1.3.1 Procedure AIn-Place Density and Density of Tot
7、alMaterial (Section 12).1.3.2 Procedure BIn-Place Density and Density of Con-trol Fraction (Section 13).1.4 Selection of Procedure:1.4.1 Procedure A is used when the in-place density of totalmaterial is to be determined. Procedure A can also be used todetermine percent compaction or percent relative
8、 density whenthe maximum particle size present in the in-place materialbeing tested does not exceed the maximum particle sizeallowed in the laboratory compaction test (Test Methods D698,D1557, D4253, D4254, D4564, and D7382). For Test MethodsD698 and D1557 only, the density determined in the laborat
9、orycompaction test may be corrected for larger particle sizes inaccordance with, and subject to the limitations of, PracticeD4718.1.4.2 Procedure B is used when percent compaction orpercent relative density is to be determined and the in-placematerial contains particles larger than the maximum parti
10、clesize allowed in the laboratory compaction test or when PracticeD4718 is not applicable for the laboratory compaction test.Then the material is considered to consist of two fractions, orportions. The material from the in-place density test is physi-cally divided into a control fraction and an over
11、size fractionbased on a designated sieve size. The density of the controlfraction is calculated and compared with the density(ies)established by the laboratory compaction test(s).1.4.3 Normally, the control fraction is the minus No. 44.75-mm sieve size material for cohesive or nonfree-drainingmateri
12、als and the minus 3-in. 75-mm sieve size material forcohesionless, free-draining materials. While other sizes areused for the control fraction38,34-in. 9.5, 19-mm, these testmethods have been prepared using only the No. 4 4.75-mmand the 3-in. 75-mm sieve sizes for clarity.1.5 Any material can be tes
13、ted, provided the material beingtested has sufficient cohesion or particle attraction to maintainstable sides during excavation of the test pit and throughcompletion of this test. It should also be firm enough not todeform or slough due to the minor pressures exerted in diggingthe hole and filling w
14、ith water.1.6 These test methods are generally limited to material inan unsaturated condition and is not recommended for materialsthat are soft or friable (crumble easily) or in a moisturecondition such that water seeps into the excavated hole. Theaccuracy of the test may be affected for materials t
15、hat deformeasily or that may undergo volume change in the excavatedhole from standing or walking near the hole during the test.1.7 UnitsThe values stated in either inch-pound units orSI units presented in brackets are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not be
16、exactequivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published De
17、cember 2013. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5030 13. DOI:10.1520/D5030_D5030M-13A.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
18、1of the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in non-conformance with the standard.1.7.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The s
19、lug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma)calculations are involved.1.7.2 In the engineering profession, it is customary practiceto use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force,unless dynamic calculations (F = Ma) are involved. This im-plicitly combines two separate systems of un
20、its, that is, theabsolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientificallyundesirable to combine the use of two separate systems withina single standard. These test methods have been written usinginch-pound units (gravimetric system) where the pound (lbf)represents a unit of force (weight); h
21、owever, conversions aregiven in the SI system. The use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits a
22、nd rounding established inPractice D6026.1.8.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do n
23、ot consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard
24、to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and det
25、ermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Section 9.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weig
26、ht), Yield,and Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC566 Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content ofAggregate by DryingD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(60
27、0kN-m/m3)D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by Sand-Cone MethodD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Rubber Balloon M
28、ethodD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density
29、and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4564 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Sleeve Method (Withdrawn 2013)3D4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and
30、WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight of Soiland Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in aT
31、est PitD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum DryUnit Weight and Water Content Range for EffectiveCompaction of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating HammerE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesF2362 Specifi
32、cation for Temperature Monitoring Equipment3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as follows in 3.2, all definitions arein accordance with Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 control fractionthe portion of a soil sample consist-ing of particles smaller than a desig
33、nated sieve size.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis fraction is used to compare in-place densities with densities obtained from standard labora-tory tests. The control sieve size depends on the laboratory testused.3.2.2 oversize particlesthe portion of a soil sample con-sisting of the particles larger than a de
34、signated sieve size.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The ground surface at the test location is prepared and atemplate (metal ring) is placed and fixed into position. A lineris laid in the template and the volume of the space between aselected level within the template and the ground surface isdetermine
35、d by filling the space with water. The mass or thevolume of the water required to fill the template to the selected2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to t
36、he standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D5030/D5030M 13a2level is determined and the water and liner removed. Materialfrom within the boundaries of the template is excavated,forming a pit. A liner is pl
37、aced in the test pit and template,water is poured into the pit and template up to the selectedlevel; the mass or volume of the water within the pit andtemplate and, subsequently, the volume of the hole are deter-mined. The wet density of the in-place material is calculatedfrom the mass of material r
38、emoved and the measured volumeof the test pit. The water content is determined and the drydensity of the in-place material is calculated.4.2 The density of a fraction of the material can be deter-mined by subtracting the mass and volume of any oversizeparticles from the initial values and recalculat
39、ing the density.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are used to determine the in-placedensity of compacted materials in construction of earthembankments, road fills, and structure backfill. For construc-tion control, the test methods can be used as the basis foracceptance of material compa
40、cted to a specified density or to apercentage of a maximum density determined by a standardlaboratory test method such as determined from Test MethodsD698 or D1557, subject to the limitations discussed in 1.4.5.2 These test methods can be used to determine in-placedensity of natural soil deposits, a
41、ggregates, soil mixtures, orother similar material.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by these test methods aredependent on the competence of the personnel performing them and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally co
42、nsidered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methodsare cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itselfassure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; PracticeD3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those fact
43、ors.6. Interferences6.1 Because of possible lower densities created when thereis particle interference (see Practice D4718), the percentcompaction of the control fraction should not be assumed torepresent the percent compaction of the total material in thefield.6.2 A very careful assessment must be
44、made as to whetheror not the volume determined is representative of the in-placecondition when this test method is used for clean, relativelyuniform-sized particles 3 in. 75 mm and larger. The distur-bance during excavation, due to lack of cohesion, and the voidspaces between particles spanned by th
45、e liner may affect themeasurement of the volume of the test pit.7. Apparatus7.1 It is necessary to calculate density to at least threesignificant digits. Practice D6026 requires that all measure-ments be made to four significant digits. Report any readabilitylimitations in the apparatus used in Sect
46、ion 16.7.2 Balance or Scale, having a capacity and readabilityappropriate to the mass and procedural techniques for thespecific test pit dimensions within the range of 3 to 100 ft30.08 to 2.83 m3 volume and meeting the requirements ofSpecification D4753.7.3 Balance or Scalea balance (or scale) to de
47、terminewater content of minus No. 4 material having a minimumcapacity of about 2 lbm 1000 g and meeting the requirementsof Specification D4753 for a balance of 0.001 lb 0.1 greadability.7.4 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, preferably ofthe forced-draft type, and capable of maintaining a uni
48、formtemperature of 110 6 5C throughout the drying chamber.7.5 Sieves, No. 4 sieve 4.75-mm and 3-in. 75-mm,conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.7.6 Thermometer, use of electrical thermocouples or ther-moresistive devices (Specification F2362) are required withreadability to four signif
49、icant digits.7.7 Metal Templatea circular template to serve as a patternfor the excavation. Template dimensions, shapes, and materialmay vary according to the size of the test pit to be excavated.The template must be rigid enough not to deflect or bend.NOTE 2The template shown in Fig. 1 represents a design that has beenfound suitable for this purpose.7.7.1 Since it may be difficult to place the template exactlylevel, particularly with 6-ft 1.8-m and larger diameter rings,the height of the template should accommodate a slope ofap
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