1、Designation: D 5034 95 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Test Method forBreaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (GrabTest)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5034; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method cov
3、ers the grab and modified grab testprocedures for determining the breaking strength and elonga-tion of most textile fabrics. Provisions are made for wet testing.1.1.1 The grab test procedure is applicable to woven,nonwoven, and felted fabrics, while the modified grab testprocedure is used primarily
4、for woven fabrics.1.2 This test method is not recommended for glass fabrics,or for knitted fabrics and other textile fabrics which have highstretch (more than 11 %).NOTE 1For the determination of the breaking force and elongation oftextile fabrics using the raveled strip test procedure and the cut s
5、trip testprocedure, refer to Test Method D 5035.1.3 This test method provides the values in both inch-poundunits and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correctname for the customary units used in the United States. SI unitsis the technically correct name for the system of metric unitsknow
6、n as the International System of Units. The values statedin either acceptable metric units or in other units shall beregarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other, without combining inany w
7、ay.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Reference
8、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-tiles2D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles2D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number on Short-LengthSpecimens2D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
9、2D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Force)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to amaterial carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breakingstrength. Syn. force-at-break.)3.1.1.1 DiscussionMaterials that are b
10、rittle usually rup-ture at the maximum force. Materials that are ductile usuallyexperience a maximum force before rupturing.3.1.2 breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use breakingforce.3.1.3 constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testingmachinea testing machine in which the rate of increase ofspecimen
11、 length is uniform with time.3.1.4 constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testingmachinea testing machine in which the rate of increase of theload being applied to the specimen is uniform with time afterthe first 3 s.3.1.5 constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testingmachinea testing machine in which
12、 the pulling clamp movesat a uniform rate and the load is applied through the otherclamp which moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mecha-nism, so that the rate of increase of load or elongation isdependent upon the extension characteristics of the specimen.3.1.6 elongation, nthe ratio of the ext
13、ension of a materialto the length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as apercent.3.1.7 extension, nthe change in length of a material due tostretching. (Compare elongation.)3.1.8 grab test, nin fabric testing, a tensile test in whichthe central part of the width of the specimen is grippe
14、d in theclamps.3.1.8.1 DiscussionFor example, if the specimen width is100 mm (4.0 in.), and the width of the jaw faces 25 mm (1.01This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Curren
15、t edition approved Sept. 10, 2001. Published May 2002. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 5034 95. ReplacesGrab Testing sections of Test Method D 1682 90.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.1Copyright ASTM Internati
16、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in.), the specimen is gripped in the clamp with approximately37.5 mm (1.5 in.) of fabric protruding from each side of thejaws.3.1.9 modified grab test, nin fabric testing, a tensile test inwhich the control par
17、t of the width of the specimen is grippedin the clamps and in which lateral slits are made midlength ofthe specimen severing all yarns bordering that portion of thespecimen held between the two clamps.3.1.9.1 DiscussionThe slot modification reduces the fab-ric assistance inherent in the grab test pr
18、ocedure to a practicalminimum (see Fig. 1).3.1.10 tensile test, nin textiles, a test in which a textilematerial is stretched in one direction to determine the load-elongation characteristics, the breaking load, or the breakingelongation.3.1.11 For definitions of other terms used in this testmethod,
19、refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A 100-mm (4.0-in.) wide specimen is mounted centrallyin clamps of a tensile testing machine and a force applied untilthe specimen breaks. Values for the breaking force and theelongation of the test specimen are obtained from machinescales, dial
20、s, autographic recording charts, or a computerinterfaced with the testing machine.4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying outfabric grab tensile tests using two types of specimens and threealternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use thefollowing identification system of
21、specific specimen and ma-chine combinations.4.2.1 Type of specimen:4.2.1.1 GGrab4.2.1.2 MGModified grab4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:4.2.2.1 EConstant-rate-of-extension (CRE)4.2.2.2 LConstant-rate-of-load (CRL)4.2.2.3 TConstant-rate-of -traverse (CRT)4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identi
22、fied as follows:Test SpecimenType of TesterConstant-Rate-of-ExtensionConstant-Rate-of-LoadConstant-Rate-of-TraverseGrab G-E G-L G-TModified Grab MG-E MG-L MG-TFor example, Test Method D 5034, G-E refers to a grab test carried out on aconstant rate-of-extension tensile testing machine.5. Significance
23、 and Use5.1 The grab test procedure in this test method for thedetermination of breaking force and elongation is consideredsatisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments ofmost woven or nonwoven textile fabrics, and the modified grabtest procedure is considered satisfactory for acceptan
24、ce testingof commercial shipments of most woven textile fabrics, sincethe procedures have been used extensively in the trade foracceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of disagreement arising from differences inreported test values when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments,
25、the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens which are as homog
26、eneous as possible and whichare from a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable
27、probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of theknown bias.5.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabricsbecau
28、se of their high stretch.5.3 Some modification of technique may be necessary forany fabric having a strength in excess of 200-N/cm (1140-lb/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for usewhen necessary for strong fabrics.5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabricseit
29、her conditioned or wet.5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machinesoperating on different principles is not recommended. Whendifferent types of machines are used for comparison testing,constant-time-to-break at 20 6 3 s is the established way ofproducing data. Even then the data may diffe
30、r significantly.5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension is preferred inthese procedures, in cases of dispute, unless there is agreementto the contrary between the purchaser and the supplier, aconstant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.5.7 The grab test procedure is applicable to the determina
31、-tion of the effective strength of the fabric; that is, the strengthof the yarns in a specific width together with the fabricassistance from the adjacent yarns. The breaking force deter-mined by the grab procedure is not a reflection of the strengthof the yarns actually gripped between clamps and ca
32、nnot beused for direct comparison with yarn strength determinations.Grab test specimens require much less time to prepare althoughthey require more fabric per specimen. There is no simplerelationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amountof fabric assistance depends on the type of fabri
33、c and construc-tion variables.5.8 The modified grab test procedure is applicable to thedetermination of the breaking force of fabrics with construc-tions in which the application of tensile stress on raveled stripMetric Equivalentsin. 4 8to10mm 100 200 to 250FIG. 1 Illustration of Modified Grab Test
34、 SpecimensD 5034 95 (2001)2specimens produces further unraveling. This test method isparticularly applicable to high-strength fabrics.6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRT typeconforming to Specification D76, with respect to force indi-cation, work
35、ing range, capacity, and elongation indicator, anddesigned for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 60.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, orinterchangeable weights as required to obtain the 20 6 3-stime-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6).6.2 Clamps and Jaw FacesEach jaw face shall
36、be smooth,flat, and with a metallic, or other agreed upon, gripping surface.The faces shall be parallel and have matching centers withrespect to one another in the same clamp and to the corre-sponding jaw face of the other clamp.6.2.1 For grab tests, each clamp shall have a front (or top)jaw face me
37、asuring 25 6 1 mm (1.0 6 0.02 in.) perpendicularto the direction of the application of the force, and not less than25 nor more than 50 mm (1.0 nor more than 2.0 in.) parallel tothe direction of the application of the force (Note 2). The back,or bottom, jaw face of each clamp shall be at least as lar
38、ge asits mate. Use of a larger face for the second jaw reduces theproblem of front and back jaw face misalignment.NOTE 2Front (or top) faces measuring 25 by 50 mm (1.0 by 2.0 in.)will not necessarily give the same value as 25 by 25-mm (1.0 by 1.0-in.)faces. For many materials, the former are prefera
39、ble because of the largergripping area which tends to reduce slippage. While both sizes of grippingsurface are permitted, the face sizes used must be the same for all samplesin the test and must be recorded in the report.6.2.2 For modified grab tests, the top (or front) jaw facesshall measure 25 by
40、50 mm (1.0 by 2.0 in.) or more, with thelonger dimension parallel to the direction of load application.The bottom (or back) jaw faces shall measure 50 by 50 mm(2.0 by 2.0 in.) or more. (See Fig. 2.)6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, 170 g (6 oz) with at least100-mm (4.0-in.) width anvils.6.4 Distilled Wate
41、r, for wet testing.6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing.6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens.6.7 Standard Fabrics, for use in verification of apparatus.4(See Annex A1.)6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm (38-in.) diameter by 125mm (5 in.) long. Two are required if used.7. Sampling7.1 Lot Sam
42、pleTake a lot sample as directed in theapplicable material specification. In the absence of such aspecification, randomly take rolls or pieces that constitute thelot sample using the following schedule:Number of Rolls, Pieces in Lot,InclusiveNumber of Rolls or Pieces in LotSample1to3 all4to24 425 to
43、 50 5over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls orpiecesNOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a rollof fabric to provide a sampling plan with a m
44、eaningful producers risk,consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFrom each roll or piece of fabrictaken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory samplethe full width of the fabric and1m(1yd)along the selvage(machine direction).NOTE 4Results o
45、btained on small hand samples (swatches) can onlybe considered as representative of the sample swatch and cannot beassumed to be representative of the fabric piece from which the handsample (swatch) was taken.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sample, take fivespecimens from the warp (machine) d
46、irection and eight speci-mens from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for eachtesting condition.7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following:7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine DirectionStandard conditionsfor testing textiles.7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine DirectionWet at 21C (70F).7.3.1.3 Filling or Cross Di
47、rectionStandard conditions fortesting textiles.7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross DirectionWet at 21C (70F).7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique andunfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens toestablish the proper rate of loading (or speed for testing).8. Conditioning8.1 For Con
48、ditioned Testing:8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than themoisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in PracticeD 1776.8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standardatmosphere for testing textiles as
49、 directed in Practice D 1776.Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when theincrease in mass of the specimen in successive weighings made4Plain weave and sateen standard fabrics are available from Testfabrics, Inc.,P.O. Drawer O, Middlesex, NJ 08846.Metric Equivalentsin. 1 2mm 25 50FIG. 2 Schematic Illustration of Jaw Faces for Modified Grab TestD 5034 95 (2001)3at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of themass of the specimen.NOTE 5It is recognized that in practice, materials are frequently notweighed to determine whe
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