1、Designation: D 5050 96 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forCommercial Use of Lime Kiln Dusts and Portland CementKiln Dusts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5050; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to evaluate and describe lime kilndusts and Portland cement kiln dusts for uses in
3、commercialapplications. This guide is not intended to cover uses for limeor Portland cement.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pract
4、ices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,Quicklime, and Hydrated LimeC 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars(Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cu
5、beSpecimens)C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime,Hydrated Lime, and LimestoneC 151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of HydraulicCementC 184 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement bythe 150-m (No. 100) and 75-m (No. 200) Sieves3C 187 Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydra
6、ulicCementC 266 Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by Gillmore NeedlesC 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes and Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyC 400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forNeutralization of Waste AcidC 593 Specification for Fly
7、Ash and Other Pozzolans forUse With Lime for Soil StabilizationC 602 Specification for Agricultural Liming MaterialsC911 Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, andLimestone for Selected Chemical and Industrial UsesD 558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)Relations of Soil-Cement Mix
8、turesD 1632 Practice for Making and Curing Soil-Cement Com-pression and Flexure Test Specimens in the LaboratoryD 1633 Test Method for Compressive Strength of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD 3155 Test Method for Lime Content of Uncured Soil-Lime MixturesD 3551 Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Soi
9、l-LimeMixtures Using a Mechanical MixerD 3668 Test Method for Bearing Ratio for LaboratoryCompacted Soil-Lime Mixtures4D 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of Soils2.2 Code of Federal Regulations40 CFR Part 268 Appendix 1 Toxicity CharacteristicsLeaching Procedure
10、540 CFR Part 268.43(a) Treatment Standards Expressed asWaste Concentrations (reserved)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 lime kiln dust:3.1.1.1 Lime kiln dust is the finely-divided particulatematter carried from a lime kiln by the exhaust gases.3.1.1.2 The compos
11、ition of the dust is dependent upon thestone being processed, the processing equipment in use, andthe fuel being used. Concentrations of combustion by-products,including sulfur compounds usually exceed that of the primaryquicklime product. Chemical and physical properties are alsodependent upon thes
12、e same factors and should be evaluated forthe use intended.3.1.2 portland cement kiln dust:3.1.2.1 Cement kiln dust is the finely-divided particulatematter carried from a cement kiln by the exhaust gases.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct
13、 responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.03 onIndustrial Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5050 96(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
14、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Withdrawn.5Code of Federal Regulations available from the Superintendent of Documents,United States Government Printing Office,
15、Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2.2 The dust is composed of variable mixtures of cal-cined and uncalcined feed materials, fine cement-clinkerformed during the high temperature processing, fuel
16、 combus-tion by-products, and condensed alkali compounds. Alkalismay be concentrated in the dust through volatilization in thehigh temperature zones within the kiln then condensed in theexhaust gases as they pass through the dust collection system.The relative quantity of the aforementioned componen
17、ts ofPortland cement kiln dust may change from one source toanother because of raw material, fuel, and process variations.Some cement kiln dusts may contain large quantities ofcalcined food materials, alkalies and sulfur compounds, orboth, while others may be primarily composed of uncalcinedraw food
18、. Many Portland cement kiln dusts are easily com-pacted and reactive with small quantities of water to form a lowstrength cementitious mass; some may show only mild reac-tivity and be non-consolidating.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides a list of applications and appropri-ate test proced
19、ures to establish selected uses for the lime kilndusts and Portland cement kiln dusts.4.2 The lime kiln dusts and Portland cement kiln dustscovered by this guide may vary in composition from onesource to another. It is therefore advised that the use of suchproducts be undertaken only after their spe
20、cific compositions,physical properties, performance characteristics, and the antici-pated variabilities have been evaluated for the service intended.Until the degree of variability in the dust source or sources hasbeen established, frequent performance testing is recom-mended.4.3 Specifications shou
21、ld be prepared to facilitate uses,environmental protection, and engineering designs by theresponsible persons.5. Categories for Kiln Dust Uses5.1 The following applications present a sampling of appli-cations to be considered. Other uses may be considered wheresimilar chemical or physical properties
22、 are required.5.1.1 Structural PurposesSuch as additions in the manu-facture of glass, brick, block, and other building materials.5.1.2 Stabilization PurposesWith soils to modify theplastic limit or moisture content and in conjunction with orwithout fly ash to provide stabilized properties to solid
23、andother waste construction products.5.1.3 Fixation PurposesFor neutralization and fixationalone and in conjunction with other materials, both hazardousand nonhazardous.5.1.4 Solidification PurposesFor dewatering waste mate-rials to provide structural and handling properties, for eco-nomic and envir
24、onmental use, and disposal.5.1.5 pH Control PurposesFor use with domestic waste-water sludges to significantly reduce pathogens and to enabledomestic wastewater sludges to be safely and economicallyapplied to the land.5.1.6 Flocculation PurposesFor use to separate solidsfrom liquids and in multi-pur
25、pose processes to treat, dispose,and utilize industrial, municipal, and utility wastes.5.1.7 Agricultural PurposesA soil conditioner and nutri-ent source to meet the needs of the agricultural industry.6. Determination of Materials Characteristics6.1 Lime kiln dusts or Portland cement kiln dusts may
26、ormay not require slaking for effective use depending on the enduse.6.2 Comparative testing with applications in use or productsshould be undertaken before applying the dust to specificapplications. Lime kiln dusts and Portland cement kiln dustsare variable and may contain inert materials. The degre
27、e ofvariability and the inclusion of materials detrimental to theintended use should be evaluated.6.3 Testing lime kiln dusts or Portland cement kiln duststhat have been used as a cementitious binder alone or inconjunction with fly ash should be performed on specimensthat have been cured and aged to
28、 duplicate field conditions orby appropriate specification methods.6.4 It should be noted that some lime kiln dusts and Portlandcement kiln dusts react more quickly than others dependingupon the amount of calcined calcium oxide or calcinedmagnesium oxide clinker, or other cementitious materials andp
29、article fineness. In addition, potassium and sodium com-pounds may contribute to the reactivity of cement kiln dusts.6.5 The selection of laboratory tests to evaluate the suitabil-ity of materials for a specific application will depend upon theperformance requirements of the job and the materials av
30、ail-able. A list of test methods and material specifications is givenin Table X1.1 of Appendix X1 and may be used in selectingthose procedures and requirements pertinent to the applicationin question.7. Keywords7.1 construction application; lime kiln dust; Portland ce-ment kiln dust; waste disposalD
31、 5050 96 (2007)2APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. REPRESENTATIVE RECOMMENDED METHODSASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of
32、 the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
33、Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comme
34、nts have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or m
35、ultiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE X1.1 Representative Recommended Methods forDetermining and Evaluating Characteristics o
36、f Lime Kiln Dustand Cement Kiln Dust Suitable for the Intended PurposeCharacteristics Test MethodGeneral Laboratory Procedures:Chemical Analysis of Limestone Quicklime andHydrated LimeC25Test for Compressive Strength of HydraulicCement MortarsC 109/C 109MPhysical Testing of Quicklime Hydrated Lime,a
37、nd LimestoneC110Test for Autoclave Expansion of Portland Cement C 151Tests for Fineness of Cement C 184Test for Normal Consistency of Cement C 187Test for Setting of Hydraulic Cement by GillmoreNeedleC 266Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Pastes andMortars of Plastic ConsistencyC 305Neutralization of A
38、cid Waste C 400Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use with Lime C 593Agricultural Liming Materials C 602Quicklime, Hydrated Lime and Limestone forChemical UseC911AMoisture-Density Relations of Soil-CementMixturesD 558Soil-Cement Compression and Flexure TestSpecimens, Making and Curing in the Laboratory
39、D 1632Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-CementCylindersD 1633Lime Content of Uncured Soil-Lime Mixtures D 3155Laboratory Preparation of Soil-Lime MixturesUsing a Mechanical MixerD 3551Bearing Ratio of Laboratory-Compacted Soil-Lime MixturesD 3668Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index ofSoilsD 4318Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure 40 CFR Part268Appendix 1Treatment Standards Expressed as WasteConcentrations (reserved)40 CFR Part268.43ASuggest an alternative test procedure to determine basicity factor(s) whenused in dry application as in Test Methods C 400.D 5050 96 (2007)3
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