1、Designation: D 5073 02 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forDepth Measurement of Surface Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5073; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice guides the user in selection of procedurescommonly used to measure depth in water bodies that are asfollows:SectionsPr
3、ocedure AManual Measurement 6 through 11Procedure BElectronic Sonic-Echo Sounding 12 through 13Procedure CElectronic Nonacoustic Measurement 14 through 15The text specifies depth measuring terminology, describesmeasurement of depth by manual and electronic equipment,outlines specific uses of electro
4、nic sounders, and describes anelectronic procedure for depth measurement other than usingsonar.1.2 The references cited and listed at the end of this practicecontain information that may help in the design of a highquality measurement program.1.3 The information provided on depth measurement isdescr
5、iptive in nature and not intended to endorse any particularitem of manufactured equipment or procedure.1.4 This practice pertains to depth measurement in quies-cent or low-velocity flow. For depth measurement related tostream gaging see Test Method D 3858. For depth measure-ments related to reservoi
6、r surveys see Guide D 4581.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
7、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 3858 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water by Velocity-Area MethodD 4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD 4581 Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Character-istics of Surface Water Bodies3.
8、 Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definition of terms used in this practicerefer to Terminologies D 1129 and D 4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bar-check, na method for determining depth belowa survey vessel by means of a long, narrow metal bar or beamsuspended on a marked
9、line beneath a sounding transducer.3.2.2 bar sweep, na bar or pipes, suspended by wire orcable beneath a floating vessel, used to search for submergedsnags or obstructions hazardous to navigation.3.2.3 beam width, nthe angle in degrees made by the mainlobe of acoustical energy emitted from the radia
10、ting face of atransducer.3.2.4 bottom profile, na line trace of the bottom surfacebeneath a water body.3.2.5 sonar, na method for detecting and locating objectssubmerged in water by means of the sound waves they reflector produce.3.2.6 sound, vtto determine the depth of water (1).33.2.7 sounding lin
11、e, na rope or cable used for supportinga weight while the weight is lowered below the water surfaceto determine depth.3.2.8 sounding weight, na heavy object usually of lead,that may be bell-shaped, for use in still water and soft bottommaterials or torpedo shaped with stabilizing fins, for use inflo
12、wing water.3.2.9 stray, nspurious marks on the graphic depth recordscaused by surfaces other than the bottom surface of a waterbody below the sounding vessel.3.2.10 subbottom profile, na trace of a subsurface horizondue to a change in the acoustic properties of the mediumthrough which the sound ener
13、gy has traveled.3.2.11 towfish, na streamlined container, containingacoustical equipment for sounding depth, and designed to bepulled behind or beneath a survey vessel.3.2.12 transducer, na device for translating electricalenergy to acoustical energy and acoustical energy back toelectrical energy.1T
14、his practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved June 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20
15、02 as D 5073 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to
16、 a list of references at the end ofthis practice.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.13 transducer draft, nthe distance from the watersurface to the radiating face of a transducer.3.2.14 vertical control, na horizonta
17、l plane of referenceused to convert measured depth to bottom elevation.4. Summary of Practices4.1 These practices include the following three generaltechniques for acquiring depth measurements in surface water:4.1.1 The first general technique is to determine depth bymanual procedures. The equipment
18、 to perform these proce-dures may be most readily available and most practical undercertain conditions.4.1.2 The second general technique is to determine depth byelectronic sonic-echo sounding procedures. These proceduresare most commonly used because of their reliability and thevariety of instrumen
19、ts available that meet specific measuringrequirements.4.1.3 The third general technique is to determine depth byan electronic procedure other than acoustic sounding. A pro-cedure using ground penetrating radar is currently being usedfor measuring water depth for specific applications.5. Significance
20、 and Use5.1 This is a general practice intended to give direction inthe selection of depth measuring procedures and equipment foruse under a wide range of conditions encountered in surfacewater bodies. Physical conditions at the measuring site, thequality of data required, and the availability of ap
21、propriatemeasuring equipment govern the selection process. A step-by-step procedure for actually obtaining a depth measurement isnot discussed. This practice is to be used in conjunction with apractice on positioning techniques and another practice onbathymetric survey procedures to obtain horizonta
22、l locationand bottom elevations of points on a water body.PROCEDURE AMANUAL MEASUREMENT6. Scope6.1 This procedure explains the measurement of water depthusing manual techniques and equipment. These include the useof sounding rods, sounding lines, sounding reels, or a barsweep.6.2 Description of tech
23、niques and equipment are general innature. Techniques and equipment may need to be modified foruse in specific field conditions.7. Significance and Use7.1 Prior to the development of acoustic sounding equip-ment, manual techniques provided the only means of depthmeasurement. Some circumstances may s
24、till require soundingby manual techniques such as shallow areas where depth is notsufficient for acoustic sounding. Manual procedures continueto serve several useful purposes such as the following:7.1.1 To search for and confirm the minimum depths overshallow area of sunken obstacles.7.1.2 To confir
25、m bottom soundings in areas with submergedvegetation, or other soft bottom materials.7.1.3 To assist in obtaining bottom samples.7.1.4 To calibrate electronic sounding equipment.7.1.5 To suspend other measuring instruments to knowndepths for making various physical or chemical water qualitymeasureme
26、nts (2).8. Sounding Rod (Manual Procedure)8.1 The sounding rod (or sounding pole) can be used tomeasure depth over extensive flat, shallow areas more easilyand more accurately than by other means. Use of the soundingrod should be restricted to still water or where the velocity isrelatively low, and
27、to depths less than 12 ft (3.7 m). Soundingrods are usually not used in depths over 6 ft (1.8 m) except toprovide supplemental soundings to aid in interpreting analogdepth records. A weighted, flat shoe (see Fig. 1) should beattached to the bottom of the rod to prevent it from penetrationof the bott
28、om sediments. The rod may be graduated in feet andtenths of a foot; zero being at the bottom of the shoe (3).8.2 Modern sounding rods may be made of light-weightmetals for strength, neutral buoyancy, and sound transmittingcapability. An experienced operator can measure the waterdepth and can disting
29、uish the relative firmness of the bottommaterial by the feel of the rod and the tone produced by themetal pole as it contacts the bottom (4).8.3 When sounding in still water the operator should lowerthe rod into the water until the bottom plate makes contact withthe bottom surface. After determining
30、 that a firm bottommaterial has been encountered, the water surface level isvisually read on the rod. When sounding in flowing water, toachieve vertical sounding, a long wire or cable anchoredupstream and attached to the lower end of the rod may benecessary.FIG. 1 Graduated Sounding Rod with Shoe At
31、tachedD 5073 02 (2007)29. Sounding Line (Manual Procedure)9.1 The sounding line (see Fig. 2) can be used to measuredepths of large magnitude but is seldom used for depths greaterthan 15 ft (4.57 m). The sounding line should be of a materialthat does not shrink or stretch, or lengthen from wear orcor
32、rosion of the material as will occur in chain links overseveral years of use. Though manila rope and cotton, or othermaterials that require prestretching before use, have beenemployed for large depths, small-diameter high-strength steelcable wound and released from a reel with a gear driven depthind
33、icator are readily available and greatly simplify the work(1). The stretch of the high-strength cable is very small for itsintended use, and therefore, a considerable length of cable maybe used without introducing significant error. Depth indicators,calibrated in either inch-pound or metric units, o
34、r both, areavailable (5).9.2 Markings on the sounding line should be easy to see andunderstand to avoid making errors in determining the readings.For sounding relatively shallow depths, marking at 0.5-ftintervals with different colors to identify the 1, 2, and 10-ftintervals is recommended. Care mus
35、t be exercised so that thefirst marker is the correct distance from the bottom of thesounding weight when the weight is attached. When sounding,depths are obtained from the difference in readings at an indexpoint on the bridge or boat rail, when the base of the soundingweight is at the water surface
36、, and when it is at the bottom. Ashort steel tape or folding rule is usually employed to measurethe fractional distance from the line markers to the referencepoint. Within the minimum 0.5-ft markings depths are esti-mated and recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft. For sounding in deepwater, a sounding reel
37、 with depth indicator and an unmarkedhigh-strength steel cable is recommended (4).9.2.1 When the metric system of units is used, the soundingline for use in shallow depths is usually marked at 0.5-mintervals with different colors to identify the 1 and 2-mintervals. Depths are recorded to the nearest
38、 0.01 m.9.3 Weights used in sounding are usually of lead, aluminum,or brass. For application in still water, the weights arebell-shaped (see Fig. 3a) and made of cast aluminum or lead.The amount of weight should be from 5 to 10 lb (2.3 to 4.5 kg).9.3.1 For application in flowing water, the weight sh
39、ould beof circular cross section and steamlined with fins (see Fig. 3b)to turn the weight nose first into the current to offer a minimumof resistance to the flow. The amount of weight should bevaried, depending on the water depth and flow velocity at across section. A rule of thumb is that the weigh
40、t in poundsshould be greater than the maximum product of velocity andFIG. 2 Sounding Line Used from Small Boat(a) Bell Shaped Sounding Weight (4)(b) Torpedo Columbus-Type Sounding WeightFIG. 3 Typical Weights Used with Sounding LineD 5073 02 (2007)3depth in the cross section. If debris or ice is flo
41、wing or thestream is shallow or swift, use a heavier weight than the ruledesignates. A variety of sizes of sounding weights from 15 to300 lb (7 to 136 kg) should be available with appropriatemeans of attaching to the sounding line (1). Sounding weightsshould always be attached to the sounding line u
42、sing a hangerbar, clevis, snap hook, or thimble of brass or stainless steel toprotect the line from wear or damage.9.4 The procedure for making soundings will vary depend-ing on depth, current velocity, and means of locating where thesoundings are taken. Once at the location where a depthmeasurement
43、 is needed, the basic procedure is to lower theweight until the bottom of the weight is at the water surface.When using a marked sounding line, the distance is read fromthe sounding line at a reference point on the bridge or boat afterwhich the weight is lowered to the bottom, and a new distanceis r
44、ead from the line and recorded. When using a sounding reelthe indicator is set to zero after which the weight is lowered tothe bottom and the depth is read and recorded. It is usually ofsome importance, especially when sounding an uneven bottom,to have the locations of the soundings accurately known
45、relative to the surroundings. When sounding from a boat usingweighted line, the boat should be stationary and should remainat that position until the sounding has been completed and thelocation is determined.9.5 Sounding through the ice cover of a lake or river may betaken after boring holes in the
46、ice with an ice auger. In thiscase, a marked sounding line with an appropriate soundingweight attached at the end, is lowered through the hole and thedetermined depth is recorded.10. Sounding Reels (Manual Procedure)10.1 Sounding reels (see Fig. 4) are used with high strengthcable where heavy weight
47、s are required or where depths aregreat. These reels are usually very sturdily constructed havinga braking system for controlling rotation of the reel as the cableis let out. For hand operated reels, the hand cranks are hingedto allow the crank to be disengaged from the shaft while thewire is let ou
48、t and engaged for reeling in. Various devices areemployed to drive a counter registering the amount of cable letout from which the depth below water surface is determined.These sounding reels may also be electrically driven, in thatcase, they may have a depth capacity of more than 5000 ft(1524 m) (1
49、).11. Bar Sweep (Manual Procedure)11.1 The bar sweep is commonly used to search for andlocate any shoal or obstruction within or above navigationdepth that may present a hazard to navigation. It augments thehydrographic survey in navigable waters by locating shallowsubmerged areas that may go undetected by the usual hydro-graphic procedures. The bar sweep (see Fig. 5) consists of a bar(steel pipe) suspended beneath the survey vessel by graduatedwire or cable from hand operated drums. The drums may bemounted either off the stern or at the port and starboardgunwale
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