1、Designation: D 5084 03Standard Test Methods forMeasurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated PorousMaterials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of thehydraulic conductivity (a
3、lso referred to as coeffcient of per-meability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexiblewall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30C(59 and 86F). Temperatures outside this range may be used;however, the user would have to determine the specific gravityof mercury and RT(see 10
4、.3) at those temperatures using datafrom Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are sixalternate methods or hydraulic systems that may be used tomeasure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systemsare as follows:1.1.1 Method AConstant Head1.1.2 Method BFalling Head, constant tailwater eleva
5、tion1.1.3 Method CFalling Head, rising tailwater elevation1.1.4 Method DConstant Rate of Flow1.1.5 Method EConstant VolumeConstant Head (bymercury)1.1.6 Method FConstant VolumeFalling Head (by mer-cury), rising tailwater elevation1.2 These test methods use water as the permeant liquid; see4.3 and Se
6、ction 6 on Reagents for water requirements.1.3 These test methods may be utilized on all specimentypes (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.)that have a hydraulic conductivity less than about 1 3 106m/s(1 3 104cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3are met. For the cons
7、tant-volume methods, the hydraulicconductivity typically has to be less than about 1 3 107m/s.1.3.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about1 3 106m/s, but not more than about 1 3 105m/s; then thesize of the hydraulic tubing needs to be increased along withthe porosity of the porous end p
8、ieces. Other strategies, such asusing higher viscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also bepossible. The key criterion is that the requirements covered inSection 5 have to be met.1.3.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less than about1 3 101
9、1m/s, then standard hydraulic systems and tempera-ture environments will typically not suffice. Strategies that maybe possible when dealing with such impervious materials mayinclude the following: (a) controlling the temperature moreprecisely, (b) adoption of unsteady state measurements byusing high
10、-accuracy equipment along with the rigorous analy-ses for determining the hydraulic parameters (this approachreduces testing duration according to Zhang et al. (1)2), and (c)shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, orboth, of the test specimen. Other items, such as use of higherh
11、ydraulic gradients, lower viscosity fluid, elimination of anypossible chemical gradients and bacterial growth, and strictverification of leakage, may also be considered.1.4 The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulicconductivities greater than 1 3 105m/s may be determined byTest Method D
12、2434.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD 6026.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are re
13、presentative of thesignificant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits
14、 of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethods for engineering design.1.6 This standard also contains a Hazards section aboutusing mercury, see Section 7.1.7 The time to perform this test de
15、pends on such items asthe Method (A, B, C, D, E, or F) used, the initial degree ofsaturation of the test specimen and the hydraulic conductivityof the test specimen. The constant volume Methods (E and F)and Method D require the shortest period-of-time. Typically atest can be performed using Methods
16、D, E, or F within two to1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties of Soil and Rocks.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last pre
17、vious edition approved in 2000 as D 5084 00e1.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended tothis standard.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
18、-2959, United States.three days. Methods A, B, and C take a longer period-of-time,from a few days to a few weeks depending on the hydraulicconductivity. Typically, about one week is required for hydrau-lic conductivities on the order of 1 3 109m/s.The testing timeis ultimately controlled by meeting
19、the equilibrium criteria foreach Method (see 9.5).1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard, unless other units are specifically given. By traditionin U.S. practice, hydraulic conductivity is reported in centime-ters per second, although the common SI units for hydrauliccon
20、ductivity is meters per second.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitatio
21、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,4000 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byW
22、ater PycnometerD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-pling of SoilsD 2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling forSite InvestigationD 2216 Test Method
23、 for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head)D 2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of SoilD 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimu
24、m Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and RockUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, andCons
25、truction Materials TestingD 4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained TriaxialCompression Test for Cohesive SoilsD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-t
26、echnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used with Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of other terms in this stan-dard, see Terminology D 653.3.1.2 head loss, hLor hthe change
27、 in total head of wateracross a given distance.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, typi-cally the change in total head is across the influent and effluentlines connected to the permeameter, while the given distance istypically the length of the test specimen.3.1.3 permeameterthe app
28、aratus (cell) containing the testspecimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe apparatus in this case is typically atriaxial-type cell with all of its components (top and bottomspecimen caps, stones, and filter paper; membrane; chamber;top and bottom plates; valves; etc.).3.1.4 hyd
29、raulic conductivity, kthe rate of discharge ofwater under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area of porous medium under a unit hydraulicgradient and standard temperature conditions (20C).3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, theterm coeffcient of permeability is o
30、ften used instead ofhydraulic conductivity, but hydraulic conductivity is usedexclusively in this standard.Amore complete discussion of theterminology associated with Darcys law is given in theliterature. (2, 3)3.1.5 pore volume of flowin hydraulic conductivity test-ing, the cumulative quantity of f
31、low into a test specimendivided by the volume of voids in the specimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods apply to one-dimensional, laminarflow of water within porous materials such as soil and rock.4.2 The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials gener-ally decreases with an increasing
32、 amount of air in the pores ofthe material. These test methods apply to water-saturatedporous materials containing virtually no air.4.3 These test methods apply to permeation of porousmaterials with water. Permeation with other liquids, such aschemical wastes, can be accomplished using procedures si
33、mi-lar to those described in these test methods. However, these testmethods are only intended to be used when water is thepermeant liquid. See Section 6.4.4 Darcys law is assumed to be valid and the hydraulicconductivity is essentially unaffected by hydraulic gradient.4.5 These test methods provide
34、a means for determininghydraulic conductivity at a controlled level of effective stress.Hydraulic conductivity varies with varying void ratio, whichchanges when the effective stress changes. If the void ratio ischanged, the hydraulic conductivity of the test specimen willlikely change, see Appendix
35、X2. To determine the relationship3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D5084032between hydraulic co
36、nductivity and void ratio, the hydraulicconductivity test would have to be repeated at differenteffective stresses.4.6 The correlation between results obtained using these testmethods and the hydraulic conductivities of in-place fieldmaterials has not been fully investigated. Experience hassometimes
37、 shown that hydraulic conductivities measured onsmall test specimens are not necessarily the same as larger-scale values. Therefore, the results should be applied to fieldsituations with caution and by qualified personnel.4.7 In most cases, when testing high swell potential mate-rials and using a co
38、nstant-volume hydraulic system, the effec-tive confining stress should be about 1.5 times the swellpressure of the test specimen or a stress which preventsswelling. If the confining stress is less than the swell pressure,anomalous flow conditions my occur; e.g., mercury column(s)move in the wrong di
39、rection.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent of the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing
40、, sampling, inspection, etc Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Hydraulic SystemConstant head (
41、Method A), fallinghead (Methods B and C), constant rate of flow (Method D),constant volume-constant head (Method E), or constantvolume-falling head (Method F) systems may be utilizedprovided they meet the following criteria:5.1.1 Constant HeadThe system must be capable ofmaintaining constant hydraul
42、ic pressures to 65 % or better andshall include means to measure the hydraulic pressures towithin the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the head lossacross the permeameter must be held constant to 65% orbetter and shall be measured with the same accuracy or better.A pressure gage, electronic pressu
43、re transducer, or any otherdevice of suitable accuracy shall measure pressures to aminimum of three significant digits. The last digit may be dueto estimation, see 5.1.1.1.5.1.1.1 Practice D 6026 discusses the use or application ofestimated digits. When the last digit is estimated and thatreading is
44、 a function of the eyes elevation/location, then amirror or another device is required to reduce the reading errorcaused by parallax.5.1.2 Falling HeadThe system shall allow for measure-ment of the applied head loss, thus hydraulic gradient, to 65%or better at any time. In addition, the ratio of ini
45、tial head lossdivided by final head loss over an interval of time shall bemeasured such that this computed ratio is accurate to 65%orbetter. The head loss shall be measured with a pressure gage,electronic pressure transducer, engineers scale, graduatedpipette, or any other device of suitable accurac
46、y to a minimumof three significant digits. The last digit may be due toestimation, see 5.1.1.1. Falling head tests may be performedwith either a constant tailwater elevation (Method B) or a risingtailwater elevation (Method C), see Fig. 1. This schematic of ahydraulic system presents the basic compo
47、nents needed tomeet the objectives of Method C. Other hydraulic systems orschematics that meet these objectives are acceptable.5.1.3 Constant Rate of FlowThe system must be capableof maintaining a constant rate of flow through the specimen to65 % or better. Flow measurement shall be by calibratedsyr
48、inge, graduated pipette, or other device of suitable accuracy.The head loss across the permeameter shall be measured to aminimum of three significant digits and to an accuracy of65 % or better using an electronic pressure transducer(s) orother device(s) of suitable accuracy. The last digit may be du
49、eto estimation, see 5.1.1.1. More information on testing with aconstant rate of flow is given in the literature (4).5.1.4 Constant Volume-Constant Head (CVCH)The sys-tem, with mercury to create the head loss, must be capable ofmaintaining a constant head loss cross the permeameter to65 % or better and shall allow for measurement of the appliedhead loss to 65 % or better at any time. The head loss shall bemeasured to a minimum of three significant digits with anelectronic pressure transducer(s) or equivalent device, (5)orbased upon the pressure
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