1、Designation: D5084 16D5084 16aStandard Test Methods forMeasurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated PorousMaterials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conducti
3、vity (also referred to as coeffcient ofpermeability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible wall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30C (59and 86F). Temperatures outside this range may be used; however, the user would have to determine the specific gravity of mercuryand RT
4、 (see 10.3) at those temperatures using data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are six alternate methods orhydraulic systems that may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systems are as follows:1.1.1 Method AConstant Head1.1.2 Method BFalling Head, constant tail
5、water elevation1.1.3 Method CFalling Head, rising tailwater elevation1.1.4 Method DConstant Rate of Flow1.1.5 Method EConstant VolumeConstant Head (by mercury)1.1.6 Method FConstant VolumeFalling Head (by mercury), rising tailwater elevation1.2 These test methods use water as the permeant liquid; se
6、e 4.3 and Section 6 on Reagents for water requirements.1.3 These test methods may be utilized on all specimen types (undisturbed,(intact, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.) thathave a hydraulic conductivity less than about 1 106 m/s (1 104 cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3
7、are met.For the constant-volume methods, the hydraulic conductivity typically has to be less than about 1 107 m/s.1.3.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about 1 106 m/s, but not more than about 1 105 m/s; then the size of thehydraulic tubing needs to be increased along with the porosity
8、 of the porous end pieces. Other strategies, such as using higherviscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also be possible. The key criterionis that the requirements covered in Section 5 have to be met.1.3.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is l
9、ess than about 1 1011 m/s, then standard hydraulic systems and temperatureenvironments will typically not suffice. Strategies that may be possible when dealing with such impervious materials may includethe following: (a) controlling the temperature more precisely, (b) adoption of unsteady state meas
10、urements by using high-accuracyequipment along with the rigorous analyses for determining the hydraulic parameters (this approach reduces testing durationaccording to Zhang et al. (1)2), and (c) shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, or both, of the test specimen.specimen (with
11、 consideration to specimen grain size (2). Other items,approaches, such as use of higher hydraulic gradients, lowerviscosity fluid, elimination of any possible chemical gradients and bacterial growth, and strict verification of leakage, may also beconsidered.1.4 The hydraulic conductivity of materia
12、ls with hydraulic conductivities greater than 1 10 5 m/s may be determined by TestMethod D2434.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and
13、 calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The proceduresused do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations f
14、or the usersobjectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with theseconsiderations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1 This standard is under the
15、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Propertiesand Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016Aug. 15, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 201020
16、16 as D508410.16.DOI: 10.1520/D5084-16.10.1520/D5084-16A.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to
17、the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summar
18、y of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6 This standard also contains a Hazards section about using mercury, see Section (Section 7.).1.7 The time to perform this test
19、depends on such items as the Method (A, B, C, D, E, or F) used, the initial degree of saturationof the test specimen and the hydraulic conductivity of the test specimen. The constant volume Methods (E and F) and Method Drequire the shortest period-of-time. Typically a test can be performed using Met
20、hods D, E, or F within two to three days. MethodsA, B, and C take a longer period-of-time, from a few days to a few weeks depending on the hydraulic conductivity. Typically, aboutone week is required for hydraulic conductivities on the order of 1 109 m/s. The testing time is ultimately controlled by
21、 meetingthe equilibrium criteria for each Method (see 9.5).1.8 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses aremathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard, unless specif
22、icallystated as standard, such as 0.5 mm or 0.01 in.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
23、regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity
24、of Soil Solids by Water PycnometerD1140 Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by WashingD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tu
25、be Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant
26、 Head) (Withdrawn 2015)4D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils (Withdrawn 2016)4D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or I
27、nspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of SoilsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for
28、Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive SoilsD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core SamplesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6151 Practice for Using Hollo
29、w-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental InvestigationsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study
30、 to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.1.2 head loss, hthe change in total head of water across a given distance.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, typic
31、ally the change in total head is across the influent and effluent lines connected to thepermeameter, while the given distance is typically the length of the test specimen.3.1.3 permeameterthe apparatus (cell) containing the test specimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.3 For referencedASTM standard
32、s, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.D5084
33、16a23.1.3.1 DiscussionThe apparatus in this case is typically a triaxial-type cell with all of its components (top and bottom specimen caps, stones, andfilter paper; membrane; chamber; top and bottom plates; valves; etc.).3.1.4 hydraulic conductivity, kthe rate of discharge of water under laminar fl
34、ow conditions through a unit cross-sectional areaof porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (20C).3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, the term coeffcient of permeability is often used instead of hydraulic conductivity, but hydraulicconductiv
35、ity is used exclusively in this standard. A more complete discussion of the terminology associated with Darcys law isgiven in the literature. (23, 34)3.1.5 pore volume of flowin hydraulic conductivity testing, the cumulative quantity of flow into a test specimen divided bythe volume of voids in the
36、specimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods apply to one-dimensional, laminar flow of water within porous materials such as soil and rock.4.2 The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials generally decreases with an increasing amount of air in the pores of thematerial. These test methods
37、 apply to water-saturated porous materials containing virtually no air.4.3 These test methods apply to permeation of porous materials with water. Permeation with other liquids, such as chemicalwastes, can be accomplished using procedures similar to those described in these test methods. However, the
38、se test methods areonly intended to be used when water is the permeant liquid. See Section 6.4.4 Darcys law is assumed to be valid and the hydraulic conductivity is essentially unaffected by hydraulic gradient.4.5 These test methods provide a means for determining hydraulic conductivity at a control
39、led level of effective stress.Hydraulic conductivity varies with varying void ratio, which changes when the effective stress changes. If the void ratio is changed,the hydraulic conductivity of the test specimen will likely change, see Appendix X2. To determine the relationship betweenhydraulic condu
40、ctivity and void ratio, the hydraulic conductivity test would have to be repeated at different effective stresses.4.6 The correlation between results obtained using these test methods and the hydraulic conductivities of in-place field materialshas not been fully investigated. Experience has sometime
41、s shown that hydraulic conductivities measured on small test specimensare not necessarily the same as larger-scale values. Therefore, the results should be applied to field situations with caution and byqualified personnel.4.7 In most cases, when testing high swell potential materials and using a co
42、nstant-volume hydraulic system, the effectiveconfining stress should be about 1.5 times the swell pressure of the test specimen or a stress which prevents swelling. If theconfining stress is less than the swell pressure, anomalous flow conditions my occur; for example, mercury column(s) move in thew
43、rong direction.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent of the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectiv
44、e testing,sampling, inspection, etc Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Hydraulic SystemConstan
45、t head (MethodA), falling head (Methods B and C), constant rate of flow (Method D), constantvolume-constant head (Method E), or constant volume-falling head (Method F) systems may be utilized provided they meet thefollowing criteria:5.1.1 Constant HeadThe system must be capable of maintaining consta
46、nt hydraulic pressures to 65 % or better and shallinclude means to measure the hydraulic pressures to within the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the head loss across thepermeameter must be held constant to 65 % or better and shall be measured with the same accuracy or better. A pressure gage,elec
47、tronic pressure transducer, or any other device of suitable accuracy shall measure pressures to a minimum of three significantdigits. The last digit may be due to estimation, see 5.1.1.1.5.1.1.1 Practice D6026 discusses the use or application of estimated digits. When the last digit is estimated and
48、 that reading isa function of the eyes elevation/location, then a mirror or another device is required to reduce the reading error caused by parallax.5.1.2 Falling HeadThe system shall allow for measurement of the applied head loss, thus hydraulic gradient, to 65 % orbetter at any time. In addition,
49、 the ratio of initial head loss divided by final head loss over an interval of time shall be measuredsuch that this computed ratio is accurate to 65 % or better. The head loss shall be measured with a pressure gage, electronicpressure transducer, engineers scale, graduated pipette, or any other device of suitable accuracy to a minimum of three significantdigits. The last digit may be due to estimation, see 5.1.1.1. Falling head tests may be performed with either a constant tailwaterD5084 16a3elevation (Method B) or a ris
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