1、Designation: D 5092 04e1Standard Practice forDesign and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in June 2004.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a methodology for designing andinstalling co
3、nventional (screened and filter-packed) ground-water monitoring wells suitable for formations ranging fromunconsolidated aquifers (i.e., sands and gravels) to granularmaterials having grain-size distributions with up to 50 %passing a #200 sieve and as much as 20 % clay-sized material(i.e., silty fin
4、e sands with some clay). Formations finer than this(i.e., silts, clays, silty clays, clayey silts) should not bemonitored using conventional monitoring wells, as representa-tive ground-water samples, free of artifactual turbidity, cannotbe assured using currently available technology. Alternativemon
5、itoring technologies (not described in this practice) shouldbe used in these formations1.2 The recommended monitoring well design and installa-tion procedures presented in this practice are based on theassumption that the objectives of the program are to obtainrepresentative ground-water samples and
6、 other representativeground-water data from a targeted zone of interest in thesubsurface defined by site characterization.1.3 This practice, in combination with proper well develop-ment (D 5521), proper ground-water sampling procedures(D 4448), and proper well maintenance and rehabilitation(D 5978),
7、 will permit acquisition of ground-water samples freeof artifactual turbidity, eliminate siltation of wells betweensampling events, and permit acquisition of accurate ground-water levels and hydraulic conductivity test data from the zonescreened by the well. For wells installed in fine-grainedformat
8、ion materials (up to 50 % passing a #200 sieve), it isgenerally necessary to use low-flow purging and samplingtechniques (D 6771) in combination with proper well design tocollect turbidity-free samples.1.4 This practice applies primarily to well design andinstallation methods used in drilled borehol
9、es. Other Standards,including Guide D 6724 and Practice D 6725, cover installa-tion of monitoring wells using direct-push methods.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address
10、all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
11、one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Nat all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by
12、whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced
13、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 294 Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of NaturalMineral AggregatesD 421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle SizeAnalysis and Determination of Soil ConstantsD 422 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis
14、of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sam-pling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of SoilsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling an
15、d Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 2217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle SizeAnalysis and Determination of Soil Constants1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Wat
16、er andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5092 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
17、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Uni
18、fied Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil Aggre-gate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesD 3441 Test Method for Deep, Quasi-Static, Cone andFriction Cone Penetration T
19、ests of SoilD 3550 Practice for Ring Lined Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 4220 Practice for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5079 Practic
20、es for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Nonradioactive Waste SitesD 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD 5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Ground-WaterWells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devi
21、ces, Boreholes, andOther Devices for Environmental ActivitiesD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5518 Guide for Acquisition of File Aerial Photographyand Imagery for Establishing Historic Site Use and Surfi-cial ConditionsD 5521 Guide for Development of Groun
22、d-Water Monitor-ing Wells in Granular AquifersD 5608 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Low-Level Radioactive Waste SitesD 5730 Guide to Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone,and Ground WaterD 5753 Guide for Planning and Cond
23、ucting Borehole Geo-physical LoggingD 5777 Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method forSubsurface InvestigationD 5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-CirculationDrilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5782 Guide for Use of D
24、irect Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsur-face Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Moni-toring DevicesD
25、5784 Guide for Use of Hollow Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5787 Practice for Monitoring Well ProtectionD 5872 Guide for the Use of Casing Advancement DrillingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of
26、Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5875 Guide for the Use of Cable Tool Drilling andSampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration andInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring De-vicesD 5876 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for Geo
27、environmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5978 Guide for Maintenance and Rehabilitation ofGround-Water Monitoring WellsD 5979 Guide for Conceptualization and Characterizationof Ground-Water SystemsD 6001 Guide for Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geo
28、en-vironmental InvestigationsD 6067 Guide for Using the Electronic Cone Penetrometerfor Environmental Site CharacterizationD 6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Log-gingD 6169 Guide to the Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drilling Rigs for Environmental In-vestigations
29、D 6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization ofVadose Zone and Ground-Water Contamination at Hazard-ous Waste Contaminated SitesD 6274 Guide for Conducting Borehole GeophysicalLoggingGammaD 6282 Guide for Direct-Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationD 6286 Guide to the Se
30、lection of Drilling Methods forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationD 6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical MethodsD 6430 Guide for Using the Gravity Method for SubsurfaceInvestigationD 6431 Guide for Using the Direct Current ResistivityMethod for Subsurface InvestigationD 6432 Guide for Using
31、the Surface Ground PenetratingRadar Method for Subsurface InvestigationD 6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-cally Operated Stationary Piston SamplerD 6639 Guide for Using the Frequency Domain Electro-magnetic Method for Subsurface InvestigationsD 6640 Guide for Collection and Hand
32、ling of Soils Ob-tained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Inves-tigationsD 6724 Guide for the Installation of Direct-Push Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD 6725 Practice for the Installation of Prepacked ScreenMonitoring Wells in Unconsolidated AquifersD 6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and S
33、ampling forWells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Inves-tigationsF 480 Specification for Thermoplastic Well Casing andCouplings Made in Standard Dimension Ratios (SDR),Schedule 40 and Schedule 803. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 annular space; annulusthe space between two con-centric stri
34、ngs of casing, or between the casing and theD509204e12borehole wall. This includes the space(s) between multiplestrings of casing in a borehole installed either concentrically oradjacent to one another.3.1.2 artifactual turbidityparticulate matter that is notnaturally mobile in the ground-water syst
35、em and that isproduced in some way by the ground-water sampling process.May consist of particles introduced to the subsurface duringdrilling or well construction, sheared from the target monitor-ing zone during pumping or bailing the well, or produced byexposure of ground water to atmospheric condit
36、ions.3.1.3 assessment monitoringan investigative monitoringprogram that is initiated after the presence of a contaminant inground water has been detected. The objective of this programis to determine the concentration of constituents that havecontaminated the ground water and to quantify the rate an
37、dextent of migration of these constituents.3.1.4 ballastmaterials used to provide stability to a buoy-ant object (such as casing within a water-filled borehole).3.1.5 boreholean open or uncased subsurface hole, gen-erally circular in plan view, created by drilling.3.1.6 borehole logthe record of geo
38、logic units penetrated,drilling progress, depth, water level, sample recovery, volumes,and types of materials used, and other significant facts regard-ing the drilling and/or installation of an exploratory borehole orwell.3.1.7 bridgean obstruction within the annulus that mayprevent circulation or p
39、roper placement of annular fill materi-als.3.1.8 casingpipe, finished in sections with either threadedconnections or beveled edges to be field welded, which isinstalled temporarily or permanently either to counteract cav-ing, to advance the borehole, or to isolate the zone beingmonitored, or any com
40、bination of these.3.1.9 casing, protectivea section of larger diameter pipethat is placed over the upper end of a smaller diametermonitoring well riser or casing to provide structural protectionto the well, to prevent damage to the well, and to restrictunauthorized access into the well.3.1.10 casing
41、, surfacepipe used to stabilize a boreholenear the surface during the drilling of a borehole that may beleft in place or removed once drilling is completed.3.1.11 caving; sloughingthe inflow of unconsolidated ma-terial into a borehole that occurs when the borehole walls losetheir cohesiveness.3.1.12
42、 cementcommonly known as Portland cement. Amixture that consists of calcareous, argillaceous, or othersilica-, alumina-, and iron-oxide-bearing materials that ismanufactured and formulated to produce various types whichare defined in Specification C 150. Portland cement is consid-ered a hydraulic ce
43、ment because it must be mixed with waterto form a cement-water paste that has the ability to harden anddevelop strength even if cured under water.3.1.13 centralizera device that assists in the centering ofa casing or riser within a borehole or another casing.3.1.14 confining unita body of relatively
44、 low hydraulicconductivity formation material stratigraphically adjacent toone or more aquifers. Synonymous with “aquiclude,”“ aqui-tard,” and “aquifuge.”3.1.15 detection monitoringa program of monitoring forthe express purpose of determining whether or not there hasbeen a contaminant release to gro
45、und water.3.1.16 d-10the diameter of a soil particle (preferably inmm) at which 10 % by weight (dry) of the particles of aparticular sample are finer. Synonymous with the effective sizeor effective grain size.3.1.17 d-60the diameter of a soil particle (preferably inmm) at which 60 % by weight (dry)
46、of the particles of aparticular sample are finer.3.1.18 flush joint or flush coupledcasing or riser with endsthreaded such that a consistent inside and outside diameter ismaintained across the threaded joints or couplings.3.1.19 gravel packcommon term used to refer to theprimary filter pack of a wel
47、l (see primary filter pack).3.1.20 grout (monitoring wells)a low-permeability mate-rial placed in the annulus between the well casing or riser andthe borehole wall (in a single-cased monitoring well), orbetween the riser and casing (in a multi-cased monitoringwell), to prevent movement of ground wat
48、er or surface waterwithin the annular space.3.1.21 hydrologic unitgeologic strata that can be distin-guished on the basis of capacity to yield and transmit fluids.Aquifers and confining units are types of hydrologic units.Boundaries of a hydrologic unit may not necessarily corre-spond either lateral
49、ly or vertically to lithostratigraphic forma-tions.3.1.22 multi-cased wella well constructed by using suc-cessively smaller diameter casings with depth.3.1.23 neat cementa mixture of Portland cement (Speci-fication C 150) and water.3.1.24 packer (monitoring wells)a transient or dedicateddevice placed in a well that isolates or seals a portion of thewell, annulus, or borehole at a specific level.3.1.25 piezometera small-diameter well with a very shortscreen that is used to measure changes in hydraulic head,usually in response to pumping a nearby well. Synony
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