1、Designation: D 5093 02 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forField Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-RingInfiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5093; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuringthe infiltration rat
3、e of water through in-place soils using adouble-ring infiltrometer with a sealed inner ring.1.2 This test method is useful for soils with infiltration ratesin the range of 1 3 107m/s to 1 3 1010m/s. When infiltra-tion rates $1 3 107m/s are to be measured Test MethodD 3385 shall be used.1.3 All obser
4、ved and calculated values shall conform to theguide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD 6026.1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or
5、otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its scope.1.4 This test method provides a direct measurement ofinfiltration rate, not hydraulic conductivity. Although the unitsof infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity are similar, thereis a distinct differ
6、ence between these two quantities. Theycannot be directly related unless the hydraulic boundaryconditions, such as hydraulic gradient and the extent of lateralflow of water are known or can be reliably estimated.1.5 This test method can be used for natural soil deposits,recompacted soil layers, and
7、amended soils such as soilbentonite and soil lime mixtures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibi
8、lity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3385 Test Method for Infiltration
9、Rate of Soils in FieldUsing Double-Ring InfiltrometerD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3. Terminology3.1 Definitions
10、:3.1.1 infiltrationdownward entry of liquid into a porousbody.3.1.2 infiltration rate, Iquantity of liquid entering a po-rous material (m3) per unit area (m2) per unit time (s),expressed in units of m/s.3.1.3 infiltrometera device used to pond liquid on aporous body and to allow for the measurement
11、of the rate atwhich liquid enters the porous body.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,see Terminology D 653.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The infiltration rate of water through soil is measuredusing a double-ring infiltrometer with a sealed or covered innerring (Fig. 1). The
12、 infiltrometer consists of an open outer and asealed inner ring. The rings are embedded and sealed intrenches excavated in the soil. Both rings are filled with watersuch that the inner ring is submerged.4.2 The rate of flow is measured by connecting a flexiblebag filled with a known weight of water
13、to a port on the inner1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties and Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1990.
14、Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5093 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyrigh
15、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ring.As water infiltrates into the ground from the inner ring, anequal amount of water flows into the inner ring from theflexible bag. After a known interval of time, the flexible bag isremoved
16、and weighed. The weight loss, converted to a volume,is equal to the amount of water that has infiltrated into theground. An infiltration rate is then determined from thisvolume of water, the area of the inner ring, and the interval oftime. This process is repeated and a plot of infiltration ratevers
17、us time is constructed. The test is continued until theinfiltration rate becomes steady or until it becomes equal to orless than a specified value.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure lowinfiltration rates associated with fine-grained, clayey soils, andare in the r
18、ange of 1 3 107m/s to 1 3 109m/s.5.2 This test method is particularly useful for measuringliquid flow through soil moisture barriers such as compactedclay liner or covers used at waste disposal facilities, for canaland reservoir liners, for seepage blankets, and for amended soilliners such as those
19、used for retention ponds or storage tanks.5.3 The purpose of the sealed inner ring is to: (1) provide ameans to measure the actual amount of flow rather than a dropin water elevation which is the flow measurement procedureused in Test Method D 3385 and (2) to eliminate evaporationlosses.5.4 The purp
20、ose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensional, vertical flow beneath the inner ring. The use oflarge diameter rings and large depths of embedments helps toensure that flow is essentially one-dimensional.5.5 This test method provides a means to measure infiltra-tion rate over a relatively large
21、 area of soil. Tests on largevolumes of soil can be more representative than tests on smallvolumes of soil.5.6 The data obtained from this test method are most usefulwhen the soil layer being tested has a uniform distribution ofpore space, and when the density and degree of saturation andthe hydraul
22、ic conductivity of the material underlying the soillayer are known.5.7 Changes in water temperature can introduce significanterror in the volume change measurements. Temperaturechanges will cause water to flow in or out of the inner ring dueto expansion or contraction of the inner ring and the water
23、contained within the inner ring.5.8 The problem of temperature changes can be minimizedby insulating the rings, by allowing enough flow to occur sothat the amount of flow resulting from a temperature change isnot significant compared to that due to infiltration, or byconnecting and disconnecting the
24、 bag from the inner ring whenthe water in the inner ring is at the same temperature.5.9 If the soil being tested will later be subjected toincreased overburden stress, then the infiltration rate can beexpected to decrease as the overburden stress increases. Labo-ratory hydraulic conductivity tests a
25、re recommended for stud-ies of the influence of level of stress on the hydraulic propertiesof the soil.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard depends onthe competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities being used. Agencies that meet t
26、he criteria ofPractice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent andobjective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740pro
27、vides a means of evaluating some of those factors6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltrometer RingsThe rings shall be constructed of astiff, corrosion-resistant material such as metal, plastic, orfiberglass. The shape of the rings can be circular or square.However, square rings are recommended because it is easier
28、 toexcavate straight trenches in the soil. The rings can be of anysize provided: (1) the minimum width or diameter of the innerring is 610 mm (24 in.); and (2) a minimum distance of 610mm is maintained between the inner and outer ring. Thefollowing is a description of a set of rings that can beconst
29、ructed from commonly available materials, incorporatesthe requirements described above, and has worked well in thefield.6.1.1 Outer RingA square ring (Fig. 2) comprised of foursheets of aluminum approximately 3.6 m by 910 mm by 2 mm(12 ft by 36 in. by 0.080 in.) The top edge of the aluminumsheet is
30、bent 90 in order to provide rigidity.Ahole is providedin the center of the top edge. One edge of each sheet is bent90. Holes are drilled along each side edge so that the sheetscan be bolted at the corners.Aflat rubber gasket provides a sealat each corner. A wire cable approximately 15 m long with ac
31、lamp may be needed to tie the top edges together.6.1.2 Inner RingA square ring (Fig. 3), 1.52 m (5 ft) on aside, made of fiberglass provided with two ports. The top isshaped in such a way as to vent air from the ring as it is filled.A port is provided at the highest point so that any air thataccumul
32、ates in the ring during the test can be flushed out. OneFIG. 1 Schematic Of A Double-Ring Infiltrometer With A SealedInner RingFIG. 2 Panel For Outer RingD 5093 02 (2008)2port must be located at the top of the ring. The other port mustbe located beneath the top port. A150 mm (6 in.) skirt, that isem
33、bedded into the soil, is provided along the edge of the ring.Barbed fittings that accept flexible tubing are attached to theports. Handles are provided at each corner of the inner ring.6.2 Flexible BagTwo clear flexible bags with a capacityof 1000 to 3000 mL. Intravenous bags available from medicals
34、upply stores work well.Ameans for attaching a shut-off valveto the bag shall be provided. The shut-off valve shall beprovided with a barbed fitting that will connect to the inlet tubeon the inner ring.6.3 TubingClear, flexible tubing approximately 4.5 m (15ft) long with a minimum ID of 6 mm (14 in.)
35、6.4 Scissors or Knife.6.5 Excavation Tools.6.5.1 Masons HammerHammer with a blade approxi-mately 120 mm long and 40 mm wide.6.5.2 Trenching MachineCapable of excavating a trenchwith a maximum width of 150 mm (6 in.) and a depth of 460mm (18 in.)6.5.3 Chain Saw(Optionalsee Note 2) Equipped with acarb
36、ide-tipped chain and bar.6.5.4 Hand Shovel, garden type.6.6 LevelsA surveyors level and rod and a carpenterslevel.6.7 BucketsFive buckets with a capacity of approximately20 L (5 gal.)6.8 BlocksCinder blocks to serve as a platform for theflexible bag.6.9 CoverAn opaque cover to place on top of the ou
37、terring. The cover can be a tarp or plywood supported by woodenbeams.6.10 GroutA bentonite grout for filling the trenches andsealing the rings in place.6.11 Mixing EquipmentAlarge (four bag) grout mixer formixing the bentonite grout.6.12 Trowel.6.13 ThermometerReadable to 0.5C with a range of 0 to50
38、C.6.14 ScaleCapacity of 4000 g and an accuracy of 1 g.6.15 WatchReadable to 1 s.6.16 Water SupplyPreferably water of the same quality asthat involved in the problem being examined. Approximately5600 L (1400 gal) are needed for this test.6.17 Splash GuardPlywood, rubber sheet, or burlap 600by 600 mm
39、(2 by 2 ft).7. Test Site7.1 The test requires an area of approximately 7.3 by 7.3 m(24 by 24 ft).7.2 The slope to the test area should be no greater thanapproximately 3 %.7.3 The test may be set up in a pit if infiltration rates aredesired at depth rather than at the surface.7.4 The test area shall
40、be covered with a sheet of plastic tokeep the surface from drying.7.5 Representative samples of the soil to be tested shall betaken before and after the test to determine its moisturecontent, density, and specific gravity. The thickness of the layerbeing tested shall be determined as well as the app
41、roximatehydraulic conductivity of the layer beneath it.8. Procedure8.1 Assembly of Outer RingWipe off gaskets and sideedges of the outer ring. Align gasket between the edges andbolt edges together.8.2 Excavation of Trenches:8.2.1 Place both rings on the area to be tested. Center theinner ring within
42、 the outer ring. Make sure that the outer ringis square by using the tape measure to check that the length ofthe diagonals are equal.8.2.2 If plastic is covering the test area, cut out thin stripsalong the edge of each ring so that the trenches can beexcavated. Leave as much of the plastic on as pos
43、sible in orderto keep the soil from drying.8.2.3 Use the bottom edge of each ring to scribe a line on theground to use as a guide for excavating the trenches.8.2.4 Note the orientation of the rings and set them aside.8.2.5 Use the surveyors level and check the ground eleva-tion where the corners of
44、each ring will be. Note the high spotsand excavate deeper in these areas so that the rings will belevel.FIG. 3 Inner RingD 5093 02 (2008)38.2.6 Use the trenching machine and excavate a trench forthe outer ring. The trench should be about 146 mm (18 in.)deep. Excavate deeper at high spots.8.2.7 Use a
45、 small hand shovel to remove any loose materialin the trenches.8.2.8 Place the outer ring in the trench and use the carpen-ters level to check that the top of the ring is reasonably level(630 mm). Also check that the outer ring is square. Removethe ring and excavate any areas keeping the ring from b
46、einglevel and square.8.2.9 Set the outer ring aside and cover the trenches toprevent the soil from drying.8.2.10 Use the masons hammer and excavate a trench 50 by110 mm (2 by 4.5 in.) for the inner ring. Excavate deeper inhigh spots so that the inner ring will sit level in the trench.Excavate the tr
47、ench carefully so that the surrounding soil isdisturbed as little as possible. When using the masons ham-mer, it is best to start by digging down several inches in onespot and then advancing the trench forward by chopping downon the soil. Do not pry the soil up as this tends to lift up largewedges o
48、f soil, opens cracks, and causes the trench to beoversized.8.2.11 Place the inner ring in the trench to check the fit.Excavate any areas where the ring does not fit. Use asurveyors level to check the elevation of the corners of thering. The inner ring needs to be level or slightly tilted so thatthe
49、back end is slightly lower than the front end.8.2.12 Set the ring aside and cover the trenches.NOTE 2A chain saw that is equipped with a carbide-tipped chain anda bar may be used to excavate the trenches. Use of a chain saw will notonly reduce the time needed to excavate the trench but will also greatlydecrease the amount of grout needed to fill the trenches. If a chain saw isused, the trenches need only be 25 mm (1 in.) wide. A chain saw will notwork well in some soils. A trial trench should be made to determine if itwill work.8.3 Insta
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