1、Designation: D5093 02 (Reapproved 2008)D5093 15Standard Test Method forField Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-RingInfiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5093; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuring the infiltrat
3、ion rate of water through in-place soils using a double-ringinfiltrometer with a sealed inner ring.1.2 This test method is useful for soils with infiltration rates in the range of 1 1075 m/scm/s to 1 10108 m/s.cm/s. Wheninfiltration rates 1 1075 m/scm/s are to be measured Test Method D3385 shall be
4、used.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to theaccuracy to which the data can be ap
5、plied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standardis beyond its scope.1.4 This test method provides a direct measurement of infiltration rate, not hydraulic conductivity. Although the units ofinfiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity are similar, ther
6、e is a distinct difference between these two quantities. They cannot bedirectly related unless the hydraulic boundary conditions, such as hydraulic gradient and the extent of lateral flow of water areknown or can be reliably estimated.1.5 This test method can be used for natural soil deposits, recom
7、pacted soil layers, and amended soils such as soil bentonite andsoil lime mixtures.1.6 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and
8、are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations pr
9、ior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD3385 Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring InfiltrometerD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soi
10、l and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stan
11、dard:1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Propertiesand Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008June 1, 2015. Published September 2008July 2015. Originally approved i
12、n 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 asD5093 02.D5093 02(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D5093-02R08.10.1520/D5093-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
13、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
14、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
15、ted States13.2.1 infiltrationdownward entry of liquid into a porous body.3.2.2 infiltration rate, Iquantity of liquid entering a porous material (m3) per unit area (m2) per unit time (s), expressed in unitsof m/s.3.2.3 infiltrometera device used to pond liquid on a porous body and to allow for the m
16、easurement of the rate at which liquidenters the porous body.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, see Terminology D653.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The infiltration rate of water through soil is measured using a double-ring infiltrometer with a sealed or covered inner ring(
17、Fig. 1). The infiltrometer consists of an open outer and a sealed inner ring. The rings are embedded and sealed in trenchesexcavated in the soil. Both rings are filled with water such that the inner ring is submerged.4.2 The rate of flow is measured by connecting a flexible bag filled with a known w
18、eight of water to a port on the inner ring.As water infiltrates into the ground from the inner ring, an equal amount of water flows into the inner ring from the flexible bag.After a known interval of time, the flexible bag is removed and weighed. The weight loss, converted to a volume, is equal to t
19、heamount of water that has infiltrated into the ground. An infiltration rate is then determined from this volume of water, the area ofthe inner ring, and the interval of time. This process is repeated and a plot of infiltration rate versus time is constructed. The testis continued until the infiltra
20、tion rate becomes steady or until it becomes equal to or less than a specified value.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure low infiltration rates associated with fine-grained, clayey soils, and are in therange of 1 1075 m/scm/s to 1 10 98 m/s.cm/s.5.2 This test meth
21、od is particularly useful for measuring liquid flow through soil moisture barriers such as compacted clay lineror covers used at waste disposal facilities, for canal and reservoir liners, for seepage blankets, and for amended soil liners suchas those used for retention ponds or storage tanks.5.3 The
22、 purpose of the sealed inner ring is to: (1) provide a means to measure the actual amount of flow rather than a drop inwater elevation which is the flow measurement procedure used in Test Method D3385 and (2) to eliminate evaporation losses.5.4 The purpose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensi
23、onal, vertical flow beneath the inner ring. The use of large diameterrings and large depths of embedments helps to ensure that flow is essentially one-dimensional.5.5 This test method provides a means to measure infiltration rate over a relatively large area of soil. Tests on large volumesof soil ca
24、n be more representative than tests on small volumes of soil.5.6 The data obtained from this test method are most useful when the soil layer being tested has a uniform distribution of porespace, and when the density and degree of saturation and the hydraulic conductivity of the material underlying t
25、he soil layer areknown.5.7 Changes in water temperature can introduce significant error in the volume change measurements. Temperature changes willcause water to flow in or out of the inner ring due to expansion or contraction of the inner ring and the water contained withinthe inner ring.5.8 The pr
26、oblem of temperature changes can be minimized by insulating the rings, by allowing enough flow to occur so thatthe amount of flow resulting from a temperature change is not significant compared to that due to infiltration, or by connectingand disconnecting the bag from the inner ring when the water
27、in the inner ring is at the same temperature.5.9 If the soil being tested will later be subjected to increased overburden stress, then the infiltration rate can be expected todecrease as the overburden stress increases. Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests are recommended for studies of the influ
28、enceof level of stress on the hydraulic properties of the soil.FIG. 1 Schematic Of A Double-Ring Infiltrometer With A Sealed Inner RingD5093 152NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard depends on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and f
29、acilities being used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing,sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliableresults d
30、epend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltrometer RingsThe rings shall be constructed of a stiff, corrosion-resistant material such as metal, plastic, or fiberglass.The shape of the rings can be circular or square. However, square
31、 rings are recommended because it is easier to excavate straighttrenches in the soil. The rings can be of any size provided: (1) the minimum width or diameter of the inner ring is 610 mm (24in.); and (2) a minimum distance of 610 mm (24 in.) is maintained between the inner and outer ring. The follow
32、ing is a descriptionof a set of rings that can be constructed from commonly available materials, incorporates the requirements described above, andhas worked well in the field.6.1.1 Outer RingA square ring (Fig. 2) comprised of four sheets of aluminum approximately 3.6 m by 910 mm0.9 m by 2mm (12 ft
33、 by 36 in.3 ft by 0.080 in.)in.). The top edge of the aluminum sheet is bent 90 in order to provide rigidity. A hole isprovided in the center of the top edge. One edge of each sheet is bent 90. Holes are drilled along each side edge so that the sheetscan be bolted at the corners. A flat rubber rubbe
34、r, polyethylene, or neoprene gasket provides a seal at each corner. A wire cableapproximately 15 m (49 ft) long with a clamp may be needed to tie the top edges together.6.1.2 Inner RingA square ring (Fig. 3), 1.52 m (5 ft) on a side, made of fiberglass provided with two ports. The top is shapedin su
35、ch a way as to vent air from the ring as it is filled. A port is provided at the highest point so that any air that accumulatesin the ring during the test can be flushed out. One port must be located at the top of the ring. The other port must be located beneaththe top port.A150 mm (6 in.) skirt, th
36、at is embedded into the soil, is provided along the edge of the ring. Barbed fittings that acceptflexible tubing are attached to the ports. Handles are provided at each corner of the inner ring.6.2 Flexible BagTwo clear flexible bags with a capacity of 1000 to 3000 mL. Intravenous bags available fro
37、m medical supplystores work well. A means for attaching a shut-off valve to the bag shall be provided. The shut-off valve shall be provided witha barbed fitting that will connect to the inlet tube on the inner ring.6.3 TubingClear, flexible tubing approximately 4.5 m (15 ft) long with a minimum ID o
38、f 6 mm (14 in.)6.4 Scissors or Knife.6.5 Excavation Tools.6.5.1 Masons HammerHammer with a blade approximately 120 mm (5 in.) long and 40 mm (1.5 in.) wide.6.5.2 Trenching MachineCapable of excavating a trench with a maximum width of 150 mm (6 in.) and a depth of 460 mm(18 in.)in.).6.5.3 Chain Saw(O
39、ptionalsee Note 2) Equipped with a carbide-tipped chain and bar.6.5.4 Hand Shovel, Shovel garden Garden type.6.6 LevelsA surveyors level and rod and a carpenters level.6.7 BucketsFive buckets with a capacity of approximately 20 L (5 gal.)gal).6.8 BlocksCinder blocks to serve as a platform for the fl
40、exible bag.6.9 CoverAn opaque cover to place on top of the outer ring. The cover can be a tarp or plywood supported by wooden beams.6.10 GroutA bentonite grout (bentonite and water) for filling the trenches and sealing the rings in place.6.11 Mixing EquipmentA large (four bag) grout mixer for mixing
41、 the bentonite grout.6.12 Trowel.6.13 ThermometerReadable to 0.5C0.5 C with a range of 0 to 50C.50 C.FIG. 2 Panel For Outer RingD5093 1536.14 ScaleCapacity of 4000 g and an accuracya readability of 1 g.6.15 WatchReadable to 1 s.6.16 Water SupplyPreferably water of the same quality as that involved i
42、n the problem being examined. Approximately 5600L (1400 gal) are needed for this test.6.17 Splash GuardPlywood, rubber sheet, or burlap 600 by 600 mm (2 by 2 ft).7. Test Site7.1 The test requires an area of approximately 7.3 by 7.3 m (24 by 24 ft).7.2 The slope to the test area should be no greater
43、than approximately 3 %.7.3 The test may be set up in a pit if infiltration rates are desired at depth rather than at the surface.7.4 The test area shall be covered with a sheet of plastic to keep the surface from drying.7.5 Representative samples of the soil to be tested shall be taken before and af
44、ter the test to determine its moisture content,density, and specific gravity. The thickness of the layer being tested shall be determined as well as the approximate hydraulicconductivity of the layer beneath it.8. Procedure8.1 Assembly of Outer RingWipe off gaskets and side edges of the outer ring.
45、Align gasket between the edges and bolt edgestogether.8.2 Excavation of Trenches:8.2.1 Place both rings on the area to be tested. Center the inner ring within the outer ring. Make sure that the outer ring is squareby using the tape measure to check that the length of the diagonals are equal.8.2.2 If
46、 plastic is covering the test area, cut out thin strips along the edge of each ring so that the trenches can be excavated.Leave as much of the plastic on as possible in order to keep the soil from drying.FIG. 3 Inner RingD5093 1548.2.3 Use the bottom edge of each ring to scribe a line on the ground
47、to use as a guide for excavating the trenches.8.2.4 Note the orientation of the rings and set them aside.8.2.5 Use the surveyors level and check the ground elevation where the corners of each ring will be. Note the high spots andexcavate deeper in these areas so that the rings will be level.8.2.6 Us
48、e the trenching machine and excavate a trench for the outer ring. The trench should be about 146 mm (18 in.) deep.Excavate deeper at high spots.8.2.7 Use a small hand shovel to remove any loose material in the trenches.8.2.8 Place the outer ring in the trench and use the carpenters level to check th
49、at the top of the ring is reasonably level (630mm). Also check that the outer ring is square. Remove the ring and excavate any areas keeping the ring from being level andsquare.8.2.9 Set the outer ring aside and cover the trenches to prevent the soil from drying.8.2.10 Use the masons hammer and excavate a trench 50 by 110 mm (2 by 4.5 in.) for the inner ring. Excavate deeper in highspots so that the inner ring will sit level in the trench. Excavate the trench carefully so that the surrounding soil is disturbed asli
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