1、Designation: D 5112 98 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forVibration (Horizontal Linear Motion) Test of Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5112; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of resonancesof unpackaged products and components by means of horizo
3、n-tal linear motion applied at the surface on which the product ismounted. For vertical vibration testing of products see TestMethod D 3580. Two alternate test methods are presented:1.1.1 Test Method AResonance Search Using SinusoidalVibration, and1.1.2 Test Method BResonance Search Using RandomVibr
4、ation.NOTE 1These two test methods are not necessarily equivalent andmay not produce the same results.1.2 This information may be used to examine the responseof products to vibration for product design purposes, or for thedesign of a container or interior package that will minimizetransportation vib
5、ration inputs at the critical frequencies, whenthese product resonances are within the expected transportationenvironment frequency range. Since vibration damage is mostlikely to occur at product resonant frequencies, these may bethought of as potential product fragility points.1.3 Information obtai
6、ned from the optional sinusoidal dwelland random test methods may be used to assess the fatiguecharacteristics of the resonating components and for productmodification. This may become necessary if a productsresponse would require design of an impractical or excessivelycostly shipping container.1.4
7、This test method does not necessarily simulate vibrationeffects the product will encounter in operating or end-useenvironments. Other, more suitable test procedures should beused for this purpose.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are
8、 for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior t
9、o use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion)Test of ProductsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackag
10、ing Components for TestingE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process2.2 Military Standard:MIL STD 810E, Method 514, Vibration33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, see T
11、erminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 decadethe interval of two frequencies having abasic frequency ratio of 10 (1 decade = 3.322 octaves).3.2.2 decibel (dB)a logarithmic expression of the relativevalues of two quantities. For relative power measurements, thedB va
12、lue equals 10 times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio ofthe two quantities, that is, dB = 10 log10P1P2 .3.2.3 horizontal linear motionmotion occurring essen-tially along a straight horizontal line, with no significantvertical or off-axis components.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AST
13、M Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.15 on FragilityAssessment.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 5112 98(2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AST
14、M website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA
15、 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.4 mean-squarethe time average of the square of thefunction.3.2.5 octavethe interval of two frequencies having a basicfrequency ratio of 2 (1 octave = 0.301
16、decade).3.2.6 overall g rmsthe square root of the integral of powerspectral density over the total frequency range.3.2.7 power spectral density (PSD)a term used to quan-tify the intensity of random vibration in terms of mean-squareacceleration per unit of frequency. The units are g2/Hz (g2/cycles/s)
17、. Power spectral density is the limiting mean squarevalue in a given rectangular bandwidth divided by the band-width, as the bandwidth approaches zero.3.2.8 random vibrationoscillatory motion which containsno periodic or quasi-periodic constituent.3.2.9 random vibration magnitudethe root-mean square
18、of the power spectral density value. The instantaneous magni-tudes of random vibration are not prescribed for any giveninstant in time, but instead are prescribed by a probabilitydistribution function, the integral of which over a givenmagnitude range will give the probable percentage of time thatth
19、e magnitude will fall within that range.3.2.10 resonancefor a system undergoing forced vibra-tion, the frequency at which any change of the excitingfrequency in the vicinity of the exciting frequency, causes adecrease in the response of the system.3.2.11 root-mean square (rms)the square root of them
20、ean-square value. In the exclusive case of sine wave, the rmsvalue is 0.707 times the peak.3.2.12 sinusoidal vibrationperiodic motion whose accel-eration versus time waveform has the general shape of a sinecurve, that is, y = sine x.3.2.13 sinusoidal vibration amplitudethe maximum valueof a sinusoid
21、al quantity. By convention, acceleration is typi-cally specified in terms of zero-to-peak amplitude, whiledisplacement is specified in terms of peak-to-peak amplitude.3.2.14 transmissibilitythe ratio of measured accelerationamplitude at a point of interest in the product to the measuredinput acceler
22、ation amplitude of the test surface of the appara-tus.4. Significance and Use4.1 Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in thetransportation environment. The determination of the resonantfrequencies of the product, either horizontal, vertical or both,aids the package designer in determinin
23、g the proper packagingsystem to provide adequate protection of the product, as well asproviding an understanding of the complex interactions be-tween the components of the product as they relate to expectedtransportation vibration inputs.5. Apparatus5.1 Vibration Test Machine, consisting of a flat h
24、orizontaltest surface of sufficient strength and rigidity such that theapplied vibrations are essentially uniform over the entire testsurface when loaded with the test specimen. The test surfaceshall be driven to move only in horizontal linear motionthroughout the desired range of amplitudes and fre
25、quencies.5.1.1 Sinusoidal ControlThe frequency and amplitude ofmotion shall be variable, under control, to cover the rangespecified in 10.4.5.1.2 Random ControlThe frequency and amplitude ofmotion shall be continuously variable, under control to achievethe bandwidths, amplitudes and overall g rms va
26、lues specifiedin 10.5.5.2 Specimen-Mounting Devices, of sufficient strength andrigidity to attach the product securely to the test surface. Theresonant frequency of the mounting devices shall be, at aminimum, twice that of the high end of the intended test rangefor the product. The device(s) shall s
27、upport the product in amanner similar to the way in which it will be supported in itsshipping container. Relative motion between the test surfaceand the test mounting interface shall not be permitted.5.3 Instrumentation:5.3.1 Sensors, signal conditioners, filters, and data acquisi-tion apparatus are
28、 required to monitor or record, or both, theaccelerations and frequencies at the test surface of the appara-tus and at points of interest in the product. The instrumentationsystem shall have a response accurate to within 65 % over thetest range.NOTE 2Strain gage type accelerometers may be required t
29、o monitorthe product, control the test system, or both.5.3.1.1 For Test Method A, the frequencies and accelerationamplitudes or transmissibilities may be taken either manuallyor by means of a recording instrument. A stroboscope or videosystem may be beneficial for visual examination of thespecimen u
30、nder test.5.3.1.2 For Test Method B, the data acquisition apparatusshall be capable of recording or indicating the transmissibilitiesbetween points of interest in the product to the test surface,over the frequency bandwidth specified in 10.5.6. Safety Precautions6.1 WarningThis test method may produ
31、ce severe me-chanical response in the product being tested. Therefore, themeans used to fasten the product to the test surface must be ofsufficient strength to keep it adequately secured. Operatingpersonnel must remain alert to potential hazards and takenecessary precautions for their safety. Stop t
32、he test immedi-ately if a dangerous condition should develop.7. Sampling7.1 Test specimens and the number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. Whenever sufficient products are available, fiveor more replicate samples should be tested to improve
33、thestatistical reliability of the data obtained (see Practice E 122).8. Test Specimen8.1 The product as intended for packaging shall constitutethe test specimen. Sensor(s) may be applied as appropriate tomeasure data at points of interest with the minimum possiblealteration of the test specimen. In
34、particular, sensors shall belightweight and have flexible cables to prevent changing eitherthe effective weight or stiffness of the components to whichthey are mounted, thereby changing the resonant frequencies ofD 5112 98 (2009)2the components. Parts and surfaces of the specimen may bemarked for id
35、entification and reference. When necessary toobserve the interior components of the product during testing,holes may be cut in noncritical areas, or noncritical panels maybe removed.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition test specimens prior to testing and maintainthem in accordance with any specific requirem
36、ents applicableto the item being tested. In the absence of other specificrequirements, conditioning in accordance with Practice D 4332is recommended (standard conditioning atmosphere of 23 62C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity).10. Procedure10.1 Perform the tests in the conditioned enviro
37、nment orimmediately upon removal from that environment.10.2 Attach the test specimen to the test surface of theapparatus in a manner that will prevent the specimen fromleaving or moving across the test surface during vibration.Caution is necessary to avoid mounting methods that causeexcessive stress
38、 or strain that could alter the response of theproduct.10.3 Test intensities shall be sufficient to vibrate the productat acceleration and frequency levels that determine if productresonances exist in the expected frequency range of thetransportation environment. Typical products may exhibit reso-na
39、nt frequencies ranging from 1.0 to 100 Hz. Accelerationlevels sufficient to excite resonance normally range from 0.1 to0.5 g.10.4 Sinusoidal VibrationTest Method A:10.4.1 Select an acceleration level between 0.1 and 0.5 g(zero-to-peak). Sweep the frequency range from 1 to 100 Hz,starting at 1 Hz and
40、 varying the frequency of the vibration at acontinuous logarithmic rate of 0.5 to 1.0 octaves/min to 100 Hzand back to 1 Hz using either automatic or manual sweep,while maintaining a nearly constant acceleration level.10.4.2 Select an acceleration level between 0.1 and 0.5 g(zero-to-peak). Starting
41、at 1 Hz, vary the frequency of thevibration at a continuous logarithmic rate of 0.5 to 1.0octaves/min to 100 Hz and back to 1 Hz. Record any resonantresponses of the product, repeating the cycle if necessary.NOTE 3Low frequency vibration requires a long stroke. It may benecessary to reduce the accel
42、eration level inputs at low frequencies inorder to stay within the stroke capabilities of the test equipment. This canbe accomplished by dividing the test into two or more frequency rangeswith different input acceleration levels. Response levels from differentinput acceleration levels may result in
43、different transmissibilities.NOTE 4Frequencies above and below the frequency range from 1.0 to100 Hz may be necessary or desirable for some products.10.5 Random VibrationTest Method B:10.5.1 Start the vibration system such that the PSD levels donot overshoot the desired spectrum during startup. It i
44、s recom-mended that tests be initiated at least 6 dB below full level andincremented in one or more subsequent steps to full test level.Operate at full test level for a time duration long enough for thecontrol system to stabilize and for the data to be averagedsufficiently to represent stable spectr
45、um shapes and levels,usually 3 min or more. This time is dependent upon thecharacteristics of the vibration test machine and control sys-tem, the setup, and the weight and characteristics of the testspecimen.10.5.2 Use a spectrum representative of the expected trans-portation environment or a flat b
46、roadband spectrum. It isrecommended that the minimum frequency range be from 1 to100 Hz, the overall g rms be not less than 0.2, and that themaximum variation in power spectral density over the totalfrequency range be 30 dB or less. Record any resonantresponses of the product.NOTE 5Spectrum shapes a
47、nd levels may be important, due to productresponses which are nonlinear with variations in amplitude. For somespecific product/environmental combinations, higher frequencies orhigher-amplitude spectra may be required to produce observable productresonances. For an example, see MIL-STD 810.10.6 Monit
48、or the acceleration and frequency data sensed onthe test surface to ensure that the desired test conditions areproduced. Mount the accelerometer, in the direction of motion,as close as possible to the test specimen or in a location whichproduces data representative of table motion.10.7 Monitor the t
49、est specimen and its components for anyresonant vibrations. Use a stroboscope, sensors and readouts;visual, auditory or other means, as applicable, to determinethese resonances. Any resonances with transmissibilities of 2or greater may be considered significant. For sine testing, thefrequency sweep may be interrupted or reversed if necessaryfor short time periods in order to properly identify a resonatingcomponent.10.8 Record the frequencies of any resonances and identifythe product components that are resonating. For sine testing, ifdifferent freque
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