1、Designation: D5116 17Standard Guide forSmall-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations ofOrganic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides direction on the measurement of theemissions of volatile organic compou
3、nds (VOCs) from indoormaterials and products using small-scale environmental testchambers.1.2 This guide pertains to chambers that fully enclose amaterial specimen to be tested and does not address otheremission chamber designs such as emission cells (see insteadPractice D7143).1.3 As an ASTM standa
4、rd, this guide describes options, butdoes not recommend specific courses of action. This guide isnot a standard test method and must not be construed as such.1.4 The use of small environmental test chambers to char-acterize the emissions of VOCs from indoor materials andproducts is still evolving. M
5、odifications and variations inequipment, testing procedures, and data analysis are made asthe work in the area progresses. For several indoor materials,more detailedASTM standards for emissions testing have nowbeen developed. Where more detailed ASTM standard prac-tices or methods exist, they supers
6、ede this guide and should beused in its place. Until the interested parties agree uponstandard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur.This guide will continue to provide assistance by describingequipment and techniques suitable for determining organicemissions from indoor materials. S
7、pecific examples are pro-vided to illustrate existing approaches; these examples are notintended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques thatwill produce equivalent or superior results.1.5 Small chambers have obvious limitations. Normally,only samples of larger materials (for example, carpet
8、) aretested. Small chambers are not applicable for testing completeassemblages (for example, furniture). Small chambers are alsoinappropriate for testing combustion devices (for example,kerosene heaters) or activities (for example, use of aerosolspray products). For some products, small chamber test
9、ing mayprovide only a portion of the emission profile of interest. Forexample, the rate of emissions from the application of highsolvent materials (for example, paints and waxes) by means ofbrushing, spraying, rolling, etc. are generally higher than therate during the drying process. Small chamber t
10、esting cannotbe used to evaluate the application phase of the coatingprocess. Large (or full-scale) chambers may be more appropri-ate for many of these applications. For guidance on full-scalechamber testing of emissions from indoor materials refer toPractice D6670.1.6 This guide does not provide sp
11、ecific directions for theselection of sampling media or for the analysis of VOCs. Thisinformation is provided in Practice D6196.1.7 This guide does not provide specific directions fordetermining emissions of formaldehyde from composite woodproducts, since chamber testing methods for such emissions a
12、rewell developed and widely used. For more information refer toTest Methods E1333 and D6007. It is possible, however, thatthe guide can be used to support alternative testing methods.1.8 This guide is not applicable to the determination ofemissions of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) frommate
13、rials/products largely due to adsorption of these com-pounds on materials commonly used for construction ofchambers suitable for VOC emissions testing. Alternate proce-dures are required for SVOCs. For example, it may be possibleto screen materials for emissions of SVOCs using micro-scalechambers op
14、erated at temperatures above normal indoor con-ditions (see Practice D7706).1.9 This guide is applicable to the determination of emis-sions from products and materials that may be used indoors.The effects of the emissions (for example, toxicity) are notaddressed and are beyond the scope of the guide
15、. Guide D6485provides an example of the assessment of acute and irritanteffects of VOC emissions for a given material. Specification of“target” organic species of concern is similarly beyond thescope of this guide. As guideline levels for specific indoorcontaminants develop, so too will emission tes
16、t protocols toprovide relevant information. Emissions databases and mate-rial labeling schemes will also be expected to adjust to reflectthe current state of knowledge.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on
17、 Indoor Air.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5116 10. DOI:10.1520/D5116-17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis inter
18、national standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Com
19、mittee.11.10 Specifics related to the acquisition, handling,conditioning, preparation, and testing of individual test speci-mens may vary depending on particular study objectives.Guidelines for these aspects of emissions testing are providedhere, specific direction is not mandated. The purpose of th
20、isguide is to increase the awareness of the user to availabletechniques for evaluating organic emissions from indoormaterials/products by means of small chamber testing, toidentify the essential aspects of emissions testing that must becontrolled and documented, and therefore to provideinformation,
21、which may lead to further evaluation and stan-dardization.1.11 Within the context of the limitations discussed in thissection, the purpose of this guide is to describe the methodsand procedures for determining organic emission rates fromindoor materials/products using small environmental testchamber
22、s. The techniques described are useful for both routineproduct testing by manufacturers and testing laboratories andfor more rigorous evaluation by indoor air quality (IAQ)researchers. Appendix X1 provides references to standards thatare widely employed to measure emissions of VOCs frommaterials and
23、 products used in the interiors of buildings. Someof these standards directly reference this guide.1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
24、 any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.14 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with interna
25、tionally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 S
26、pecification for Reagent WaterD1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating toSampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD3195 Practice for Rotameter CalibrationD3609 Practice for Calibration Techniques Using Perme-ation TubesD3686
27、 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD6007 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-trations in Air from
28、 Wood Products Using a Small-ScaleChamberD6177 Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Vola-tile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding SetsD6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Param-eters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions forMonitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in AirD63
29、30 Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Com-pounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions fromWood-Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Un-der Defined Test ConditionsD6485 Guide for Risk Characterization of Acute and IrritantEffects of Short-Term Exposure to Volatile OrganicChemical
30、s Emitted from Bedding SetsD6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD6803 Practice for Testing and Sampling of Volatile OrganicCompounds (Including Carbonyl Compounds) Emittedfrom Paint Using Small Environmental ChambersD7143 Prac
31、tice for Emission Cells for the Determination ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD7339 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds Emitted from Carpet using a Specific SorbentTube and Thermal Desorption / Gas ChromatographyD7706 Practice for Rapid Screening of
32、VOC Emissionsfrom Products Using Micro-Scale ChambersD7911 Guide for Using Reference Material to CharacterizeMeasurement BiasAssociated with Volatile Organic Com-pound Emission Chamber TestE355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relation-shipsE1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Con
33、cen-trations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood ProductsUsing a Large Chamber3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions and terms used in thisguide, refer to Terminology D1356. For an explanation ofunits, symbols, and conversion factors, refer to Practice D1914.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific t
34、o This Standard:3.2.1 air change rate, nthe flow rate of clean, conditionedair into the chamber divided by the net chamber volume;usually expressed in units of 1/h.3.2.2 chamber loading ratio, nthe total amount of testspecimen exposed in the chamber divided by the net orcorrected internal air volume
35、 of the chamber.3.2.2.1 DiscussionNet internal air volume of the chamberis calculated as the internal volume of the chamber enclosureminus the volume internally displaced by test specimen,holder, inlet/exhaust manifolds, etc. The chamber loading ratiois typically expressed as the ratio of the expose
36、d specimensurface area, A, to net chamber volume (1/m) but depending onthe nature of the test specimen, can also be expressed as 1/m3,2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
37、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D5116 172m/m3, and unitless for unit, line, and volume emission sources,respectively. Chamber loading also can be expressed in termsof area-specific airflow rate calculated as the ratio of thechambers volumetric inlet airflow r
38、ate, Q, divided by thespecimen surface area, A, that is Q/A (m/h).3.2.3 test chamber, nan enclosed test volume constructedof chemically inert materials with a clean air supply andexhaust.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThese chambers are designed to permittesting of emissions from samples of building materials an
39、dconsumer products. The internal volume of small-scale cham-bers usually ranges from a few litres to a few cubic metres.Micro-scale chambers are typically less than one litre involume and further differ from small-scale chambers in that theentire airflow rate at the chamber exhaust is sampled (seePr
40、actice D7706).4. Significance and Use4.1 ObjectivesThe use of small chambers to evaluateVOC emissions from indoor materials has several objectives:4.1.1 Develop techniques for screening of products forVOCemissions;4.1.2 Determine the effect of environmental variables (thatis, temperature, humidity,
41、air speed, and air change rate) onemission rates;4.1.3 Rank various products and product types with respectto their emissions profiles (for example, emission factors,specific organic compounds emitted);4.1.4 Provide compound-specific data on various organicsources to guide field studies and assist i
42、n evaluating indoor airquality in buildings;4.1.5 Provide emissions data for the development and veri-fication of models used to predict indoor concentrations oforganic compounds; and4.1.6 Develop data useful to stakeholders and other inter-ested parties for assessing product emissions and developin
43、gcontrol options or improved products.4.2 Mass Transfer ConsiderationsSmall chamber evalua-tion of emissions from indoor materials requires considerationof the relevant mass transfer processes. Three fundamentalprocesses control the rate of emissions of organic vapors fromindoor materials; evaporati
44、ve mass transfer from the surface ofthe material to the overlying air, desorption of adsorbedcompounds, and diffusion within the material.4.2.1 The evaporative mass transfer of a given VOC fromthe surface of the material to the overlying air can be expressedas:ER 5 AkmVPs2 VPa!MWRT (1)where:ER = emi
45、ssion rate, mg/h,A = source area, m2,km= mass transfer coefficient, m/h,VPs= vapor pressure at the surface of the material, Pa,VPa= vapor pressure in the air above the surface, Pa,MW = molecular weight, mg/mol,R = gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K or Pa m3/mol-K, andT = temperature, K.Thus, the emission r
46、ate is proportional to the difference invapor pressure between the surface and the overlying air. Sincethe vapor pressure is directly related to the concentration, theemission rate is proportional to the difference in concentrationbetween the surface and the overlying air. The mass transfercoefficie
47、nt is a function of the diffusion coefficient (in air) forthe specific compound of interest and the level of turbulence inthe bulk flow.4.2.2 The desorption rate of compounds adsorbed on mate-rials can be determined by the retention time (or averageresidence time) of an adsorbed molecule: 5 oe2Q/RT(
48、2)where: = retention time, s,o= constant with a typical value from 1012to 1015s, andQ = molar enthalpy change for adsorption (or adsorptionenergy), J/mol.The larger the retention time, the slower the rate of desorp-tion.4.2.3 The diffusion mass transfer within the material is afunction of the diffus
49、ion coefficient (or diffusivity) of thespecific compound. The diffusion coefficient of a given com-pound within a given material is a function of the compoundsphysical and chemical properties (for example, molecularweight, size, and polarity), temperature, and the structure of thematerial within which the diffusion is occurring.The diffusivityof an individual compound in a mixture is also affected by thecomposition of the mixture.4.2.4 Variables Affecting Mass TransferWhile a detaileddiscussion of mass transfer theory is beyond the scope of thisguide, it is necess
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