1、Designation: D 5117 03Standard Test Method forDye Penetration of Solid Fiberglass Reinforced PultrudedStock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This dye-penetrant test method covers a means ofevaluating solid fiberglass reinforced pultruded rod stock forlongitudi
3、nal wicking. There are generally three mechanismsthat promote wicking, any or all of which may be operating ata given time.NOTE 1The specimens cross-section may reflect delaminations,longitudinal continuous voids, or the presence of hollow fibers, or allthree. Occasionally these flaws may be detecte
4、d by this test, but other testsare usually required.1.2 The results of a wicking test are dependent on specimentype and size, penetrant type, time of exposure in the penetrant,penetrant viscosity, etc. Any attempt to use a wicking test toestablish specification criteria should be made with great car
5、e.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith
6、 the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
7、For specific hazardstatements, see 10.3 and 10.6.NOTE 2There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 3918 Definitions of Terms Relating to Reinforced PlasticPultruded ProductsE 691 Practice for Conducti
8、ng an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definition of Term Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 wickingtransmission of a gas or liquid due topressure differential or capillary action along fibers incorpo-rated in a fiberglass reinforced pultruded product.4.
9、 Summary of Test Method4.1 Pultruded rod stock of circular cross-section is tested byplacing the specimen(s) on end into the dye penetrant to aspecified depth and observing the wicking action as spots, ordots, on the opposite, dry face.4.2 The wicking action through the length of the specimenis due
10、to the capillary action of the penetrant through the openpathways in the composite. These pathways are typicallyoccupied by air and can be caused by continuous voids, cracks,or hollow fibers, or all three, in the reinforcement.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful for establishing th
11、e integrityof composite rod. The presence of voids, cracks, and hollowfibers are considered detrimental to the structural integrity ofthe composite and may cause reduced electrical resistance andincreased current leakage.5.2 A perfect composite would be flaw-free, and therewould be no possibility of
12、 wicking. Composites of this type arevirtually nonexistent, as there will typically be entrapped air inthe resin developed during manufacture, occasional hollowfibers, and occasional cracks due to thermal stresses.5.3 This test method is intended to provide a tool formeasuring the extent of flaws in
13、 a composite over very shortlengths of material. The presence of wicking over 1 in. 2.54cm lengths may not necessarily imply that the composite willperform unsatisfactorily for its intended end-use. Therefore,interpretation of test results should be made with care.5.4 This test method was developed
14、as a technique forestimating quality and consistency of pultruded rod stock,which is a composite of resin and reinforcement. The process1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermoset-ting Pl
15、astics.Current edition approved November 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 5117 - 96.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
16、MStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.may also affect the qual
17、ity of the product. It should be usefulfor a manufacturer in determining whether any gross changesin quality have taken place due to process or raw materialchanges.5.5 Since the results of this test are so sensitive to samplesize, penetrant type, penetrant used, viscosity, duration of test,and other
18、 factors, no attempt to arrive at or recommenddevelopment of a specification for these materials has beenmade. It is suggested that such a specification should benegotiated between supplier and end user.6. Apparatus6.1 Dye Penetrant36.2 Ultraviolet Light SourceThe penetrant used is fluo-rescent, and
19、 requires a black lamp light source.6.3 Dark RoomAn area for viewing the presence offluorescent spots on the test specimens is required.6.4 HoodThere is a need to provide adequate air ventila-tion for the elimination of any annoying vapors from thepenetrant. These vapors are nontoxic, but could be a
20、n irritant.6.5 Shallow Pan, for holding the penetrant is required. Athin, spongy material that can be placed in the pan and uponwhich the specimens may rest is recommended.6.6 Stop Watch, or other means for timing the length of thetest is required.6.7 Magnifying Glass,53, recommended for identifying
21、very small fluorescent specks, or dots, on the specimens upperface. It is not regarded as essential.7. Materials7.1 This test method was developed for use on solidpultruded rod stock reinforced with fiberglass. An evaluationemployed 1 in. diameter rod stock using epoxy, vinyl ester andpolyester resi
22、ns. It is recognized that this test method will beused with other resin system and rod-stock sizes.7.2 Use rod-stock representative of typical production lotsand select random specimens for testing.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 Take at least three test specimens for each sample.8.2 Specimens sha
23、ll not be taken from material that hasbeen damaged or subjected to previous testing.8.3 Select at least three 1-in. 2.54 cm length specimenstaken at random locations along the rod stock to be tested.These should be cut dry with a diamond-dust blade to ensure asmooth test surface.8.4 In order to prev
24、ent the problem of wicking up the sidesof some composites, paint a ring of clear nail polish or othersuitable inhibitor below the top surface and around the circum-ference of each test specimen.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition the test specimens at 23 6 2C 73.4 63.6F and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for n
25、ot less than 40 hprior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618.9.2 Test ConditionsConduct all testing in the StandardLaboratory Atmosphere of 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 65 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified.10. Procedure10.1 Preheat the ultraviolet light source for 15 m
26、in or inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Posi-tion the light to shine on the pan (penetrant) surface.10.2 Place a thin, spongy material such as common house-hold plastic foam sponge on the bottom of the pan to supportthe specimens. This material aids in properly wetting thebottom s
27、urface of the specimen and reduces possible problemsassociated with air entrapment.10.3 Add sufficient dye to the pan such that the specimenswill be immersed to a depth of18 in. 0.32 cm while resting onthe sponge. This depth should be predetermined with an extrapiece of rod stock.10.4 WarningAvoid h
28、and contact with the penetrant topreclude possible contamination of the specimens duringhandling. Wash hands thoroughly before proceeding, shouldcontact with the penetrant occur.Place each specimen on end in the penetrant to the depthspecified in 10.3 and staggered from the rest of the group. Theact
29、ual time of immersion for each shall be recorded if morethan six specimens are to be tested at one time. Otherwise, allspecimens shall be considered to be immersed at the sametime. When more than six specimens are tested, an interval of30 s between the respective immersions shall be observed. Forexa
30、mple, if a group of nine specimens were to be tested, onecould be added at T = 0, the next at T = 30 s, and the last atT = 4.0 min.10.5 Immerse each specimen such that its lower face isinserted into the dye normal to the supporting sponge to ensureoptimum coating of its surface. Press down lightly o
31、n the upperface of the specimen to effect its positive sealing.10.6 See Warning in 10.4.10.7 Position the specimens in the penetrant in a row left toright such that the first, second, etc. can be easily identified.10.8 Count upper face wicking dots (fluorescent specks)following 30 min of penetrant i
32、mmersion. For a large group ofspecimens, the counting must be completed between 29 min,45 s and 30 min, 15 s for each specimen.10.8.1 The immersion time of 30 min for all specimens isparticularly critical and must be observed within the limitsspecified under 10.8 if meaningful data are to be obtaine
33、d. Infact, the time at which the extent of wicking is determined hasbeen found to be the greatest single source of error ininterlaboratory comparisons of wicking data.10.9 If an error is made, or if a specimen falls into thepenetrant, reject that specimen and run a retest from retainedstock.10.10 Te
34、st at least three specimens per sample.10.11 Record the total number of wicking dots, or specks,for each specimen after 30-min immersion, discounting thosethat have merged as one. Should the latter condition exist,discontinue the test for that particular specimen and testanother.3Zyglo Penetrex ZL 3
35、0A dye penetrant, manufactured by Magnaflex, orequivalent, is suitable for this purpose. During the initial round-robin work, threestandard penetrants of the industry were evaluated. The above referenced penetrantprovided the most discriminating, rapid, and consistent results.D511703211. Report11.1
36、Report the following information:11.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing resin type, machine identification, dimensions, reinforce-ment type, manufacturers code, etc.,11.1.2 Conditioning procedure used, if different than stipu-lated,11.1.3 Test room conditions,11.1.4 Indivi
37、dual specimens tested, with individual wickingdata,11.1.5 The average of the individual wicking data for eachsample,11.1.6 Date of test, and11.1.7 Any deviations from the test method shall be in-cluded, such as alternate penetrant source, etc.12. Precision12.1 RepeatabilityThe critical difference ta
38、ble below wasobtained on the same material by a single operator using thesame instrument. Two averages of wicking data taken within asingle laboratory for a 1 in. 2.54 cm diameter fiberglassreinforced solid rod stock can be considered significantlydifferent at 95 % confidence if the values differ by
39、 more thanthose listed in the following table.TABLE Number of Wicking DotsPolyester Epoxy Vinyl EsterRepeatability 7.85 4.17 13.512.2 Reproducibility The critical difference table shownbelow represents data obtained by two different operators usingdifferent instruments in different laboratories. Two
40、 averages ofwicking data taken in different laboratories for a 1 in. 2.54 cmdiameter fiberglass reinforced solid rod stock can be consid-ered significantly different at 95 % confidence if the valuesdiffer by more than those listed in the following table.TABLE Number of Wicking DotsPolyester Epoxy Vi
41、nyl EsterReproducibility 9.41 4.17 14.612.3 The above precision data were generated as the resultof an industry round-robin in which seven laboratories partici-pated, using rod stock from a single suppliers standardinventory.13. Keywords13.1 dye penetration test; pultruded rod; rod stock; wickingSUM
42、MARY OF CHANGESThis section identifies the location of selected changes to this test method. For the convenience of the user,Committee D20 has highlighted those changes that may impact the use of this test method. This section may alsoinclude descriptions of the changes or reasons for the changes, o
43、r both.D5117-03:(1) Editorial revisions to correct typographical errors.(2) Editorial revisions to comply with ASTM directives on SIunit usage.(3) Editorial revisions to the wording of the Precision and Biasstatement.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights a
44、sserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time
45、 by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will re
46、ceive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM In
47、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D5117033
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