1、Designation: D5117 17Standard Test Method forDye Penetration of Solid Fiberglass Reinforced PultrudedStock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This dye-penetrant test method covers a means ofevaluating solid fiberglass all-roving reinforced pultruded rodor bar stoc
3、k for longitudinal wicking. There are generally threemechanisms that promote wicking such as delaminations,longitudinal continuous voids, or the presence of hollow fibers.Any or all of them will be operating at a given time.NOTE 1Occasionally the flaws listed above may be detected by thistest, but o
4、ther tests are usually required.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two
5、 systems has the potential to result innonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices
6、 and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements, see 10.3 and 10.6.NOTE 2There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-iz
7、ation established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD
8、883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD3918 Terminology Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pul-truded ProductsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of technical terms pertain-ing to plastics used in this test method, see Terminology D883.3.2 For de
9、finitions of terms that appear in this standardrelating to reinforced plastic pultruded products, refer toTerminology D3918.3.3 For definitions of terms that appear in this standardrelating to quality and statistics, refer to Terminology E456.3.4 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.4.1
10、wickingtransmission of a gas or liquid due to pres-sure differential or capillary action along fibers incorporated ina fiberglass reinforced pultruded product.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 All-roving pultruded rod stock is tested by placing thespecimen(s) on end into the dye penetrant to a specified
11、depthand observing the wicking action as spots, or dots, on theopposite, dry face.4.2 The wicking action through the length of the specimenis due to the capillary action of the penetrant through the openpathways in the composite. These pathways are typicallyoccupied by air and are caused by continuo
12、us voids, cracks, orhollow fibers, or all three, simultaneously.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful for establishing the integrityof composite rod. The presence of voids, cracks, and hollowfibers are considered detrimental to the structural integrity ofthe composite and causes redu
13、ced electrical resistance andincreased current leakage.5.2 A perfect composite would be flaw-free, and therewould be no possibility of wicking. Composites of this type arevirtually nonexistent, as there will typically be entrapped air inthe resin developed during manufacturing, occasional hollowfibe
14、rs, and occasional cracks due to thermal stresses.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermoset-ting Plastics.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published January 2018. Originallyapprov
15、ed in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5117 - 09. DOI:10.1520/D5117-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
16、y page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principl
17、es on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.3 This test method is intended to provide a tool formeasuring the extent of
18、wicking in a composite over very shortlengths of material for comparative purposes. The presence ofwicking over 1 in. (2.54 cm) lengths will not necessarily implythat the composite will perform unsatisfactorily for its intendedend-use. Therefore, interpretation of test results shall be madecarefully
19、.5.4 This test method was developed as a technique forestimating quality and consistency of pultruded rod and barstock, which is a composite of resin and all-roving reinforce-ment. This test method will be useful for a manufacturer todetermine whether any gross changes in quality have takenplace due
20、 to process or raw material changes as the manufac-turing process also affects the quality of the product.5.5 Since the results of this test are so sensitive to samplesize, penetrant type, penetrant used, viscosity, duration of test,and other factors, no attempt to arrive at or recommenddevelopment
21、of a specification for these materials has beenmade. A specification shall be negotiated between supplier andend user and such specification shall be made with great care.6. Apparatus6.1 Dye Penetrant36.2 Ultraviolet Light SourceThe penetrant used isfluorescent, and requires a black lamp light sourc
22、e.6.3 Dark RoomAn area for viewing the presence offluorescent spots on the test specimens is required.6.4 HoodThere is a need to provide adequate air ventila-tion for the elimination of any annoying vapors from thepenetrant. These vapors are nontoxic, but has potential to be anirritant.6.5 Shallow P
23、an, for holding the penetrant is required. Athin, spongy material that can be placed in the pan to supportthe specimen on one end.6.6 Stop Watch, or other means for timing the length of thetest is required.6.7 Magnifying Glass, 5, recommended for identifyingvery small fluorescent specks, or dots, on
24、 the specimens upperface. It is not regarded as essential.7. Materials7.1 This test method was developed for use on solidpultruded all-roving rod and bar stock reinforced with fiber-glass. An evaluation employed 1 in. diameter rod stock usingepoxy, vinyl ester and polyester resins. It was determined
25、 thatthis test method is applicable for all three resin series.7.2 Use rod-stock representative of typical production lotsand select random specimens for testing.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 Take at least three test specimens for each sample.8.2 Specimens shall not be taken from material that h
26、asbeen damaged or subjected to previous testing.8.3 Select at least three 1-in. (2.54 cm) length specimenstaken at random locations along the rod stock to be tested.These shall be cut dry with a diamond-dust blade to ensure asmooth test surface.8.4 In order to prevent the problem of wicking up the s
27、idesof some composites, paint a ring of clear nail polish or othersuitable inhibitor below the top surface and around the circum-ference of each test specimen.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition the test specimens at 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than 40 hprior to test i
28、n accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618.9.2 Test ConditionsConduct all testing in the standardlaboratory atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 610 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified.10. Procedure10.1 Preheat the ultraviolet light source for 15 min or inaccordance with the ma
29、nufacturers recommendations. Posi-tion the light to shine on the pan (penetrant) surface.10.2 Place a thin, spongy material such as common house-hold plastic foam sponge on the bottom of the pan to supportthe specimens. This material aids in properly wetting thebottom surface of the specimen and red
30、uces possible problemsassociated with air entrapment.10.3 Add sufficient dye to the pan such that the specimenswill be immersed to a depth of18 in. (0.32 cm) while resting onthe sponge. This depth shall be predetermined with an extrapiece of rod stock.10.4 WarningAvoid hand contact with the penetran
31、t topreclude possible contamination of the specimens duringhandling. Wash hands thoroughly before proceeding, if contactwith the penetrant were to occur.Place each specimen on end in the penetrant to the depthspecified in 10.3 and staggered from the rest of the group. Theactual time of immersion for
32、 each shall be recorded if morethan six specimens are to be tested at one time. Otherwise, allspecimens shall be considered to be immersed at the sametime. When more than six specimens are tested, an interval of30 s between the respective immersions shall be observed. Forexample, if a group of nine
33、specimens were to be tested, onecould be added at T = 0, the next at T = 30 s, and the last atT = 4.0 min.10.5 Immerse each specimen such that its lower face isinserted into the dye normal to the supporting sponge to ensureoptimum coating of its surface. Press down lightly on the upperface of the sp
34、ecimen to effect its positive sealing.10.6 See Warning in 10.4.10.7 Position the specimens in the penetrant in a row left toright such that the first, second, etc. can be easily identified.10.8 Record the time for the appearance of the first dot.3Zyglo Penetrex ZL 30A dye penetrant, manufactured by
35、Magnaflex, orequivalent, is suitable for this purpose. During the initial round-robin work, threestandard penetrants of the industry were evaluated. The above referenced penetrantprovided the most discriminating, rapid, and consistent results.D5117 17210.9 Count upper face wicking dots (fluorescent
36、specks)following 30 min of penetrant immersion. For a large group ofspecimens, the counting must be completed between 29 min,45 s and 30 min, 15 s for each specimen.10.9.1 The immersion time of 30 min for all specimens isparticularly critical and must be observed within the limitsspecified under 10.
37、9 if meaningful data are to be obtained. Infact, the time at which the extent of wicking is determined hasbeen found to be the greatest single source of error ininterlaboratory comparisons of wicking data.10.10 If an error is made, or if a specimen falls into thepenetrant, reject that specimen and r
38、un a retest from retainedstock.10.11 Test at least three specimens per sample.10.12 Record the time to the first dot. Record the totalnumber of wicking dots, or specks, for each specimen after30-min immersion, discounting those that have merged as one.If the latter condition exists, discontinue the
39、test for thatparticular specimen and test another.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing resin type, machine identification, dimensions, reinforce-ment type, manufacturers code, etc.,11.1.2 Conditioning procedure used, if dif
40、ferent thanstipulated,11.1.3 Test room conditions,11.1.4 Individual specimens tested, with individual wickingdata,11.1.5 The average of the individual wicking data for eachsample,11.1.6 Date of test, and11.1.7 Any deviations from the test method shall beincluded, such as alternate penetrant source,
41、etc.12. Precision12.1 RepeatabilityThe value below which the absolutedifference between two individual test results obtained underrepeatability conditions is expected to occur with a probabilityof approximately 0.95 (95 %).TABLE Number of Wicking DotsPolyester Epoxy Vinyl EsterRepeatability 7.85 4.1
42、7 13.512.2 ReproducibilityThe value below which the absolutedifference between two individual test results obtained underreproducibility conditions is expected to occur with a probabil-ity of approximately 0.95 (95 %).TABLE Number of Wicking DotsPolyester Epoxy Vinyl EsterReproducibility 9.41 4.17 1
43、4.612.3 The above precision data were generated as the resultof an industry round-robin in which seven laboratoriesparticipated, using rod stock from a single suppliers standardinventory.13. Keywords13.1 dye penetration test; pultruded rod; rod stock; wickingSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D20 has ident
44、ified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D5117 - 09)that may impact the use of this standard. (December 15, 2017)(1) Added “them will” and removed “which may” in 1.1.(2) Added “such as delaminations, longitudinal continuousvoids, or the presence of hollow fibers”
45、 in 1.1.(3) Removed “The specimens cross-section may reflectdelaminations, longitudinal continuous voids, or the presenceof hollow fibers, or all three.” in 1.1, Note 1.(4) Removed “The results of a wicking test are dependent onspecimen type and size, penetrant type, time of exposure in thepenetrant
46、, penetrant viscosity, etc. Any attempt to use awicking test to establish specification criteria should be madewith great care.” and added “See the significance and usesection for cautions in using this test method.” in 1.2.(5) Added “are not necessarily” and “has the potential to” andremoved “may n
47、ot be” and “may” in 1.3.(6) Added D883 StandardTerminology Relating to Plastics andE456 Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Standardsand removed “E691 Practice for Conducting an InterlaboratoryStudy to Determine the Precision of a Test Method” to 2.1.(7) Removed “Definitions of Terms Specif
48、ic to This Standard:”and added “DefinitionsFor definitions of technical termspertaining to plastics used in this test method, see TerminologyD883.” in 3.1.(8) Added “3.2 For definitions of terms that appear in thisstandard relating to reinforced plastic pultruded products, referto D3918.”(9) Removed
49、 “3.1.1 wickingtransmission of a gas or liquiddue to pressure differential or capillary action along fibersincorporated in a fiberglass reinforced pultruded product.”(10) Added “3.3 For definitions of terms that appear in thisstandard relating to quality and statistics, refer to TerminologyE456.”(11) Added “3.4 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stan-dard:”(12) Added “3.4.1 wickingtransmission of a gas or liquiddue to pressure differential or capillary action along fibersincorporated in a fiberglass reinforced pultruded product.D5117 173(13) Added “are” a
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