1、Designation: D5133 05 (Reapproved 2011)D5133 12Standard Test Method forLow Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/TemperatureDependence of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5133; the number immediately following the designati
2、on indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the
3、measurement of the apparent viscosity of engine oil at low temperatures.1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s-1 is produced at shear stresses below 100 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measuredcontinuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 1C/h over the range 5 to 40C, or to the temperature at which t
4、he viscosityexceeds 40 000 mPas (cP).1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index),and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determin
5、ed in preparing this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concern
6、s, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Chart
7、s for Liquid Petroleum ProductsD3829 Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping Temperature of Engine OilD4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity obtained
8、by use of this test method.3.1.1.1 DiscussionSee 3.1.6 for definition of viscosity and units.3.1.2 Newtonian oil, nan oil that, at a given temperature, exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses.3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil, nan oil that, at a given temperature, exhibits a viscosi
9、ty that varies with shear stress or shear rate.3.1.4 shear rate, nvelocity gradient perpendicular to the direction of flow.3.1.4.1 Discussion1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07
10、 onFlow Properties.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011Dec. 1, 2012. Published February 2011February 2013. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20052011as D5133 05.D513305(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D5133-05R11.10.1520/D5133-12.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM websit
11、e, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
12、of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be consider
13、ed the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1The SI unit for shear rate is the reciprocal second (1/s; also s-1).3.1.5 shear stress, nforce p
14、er unit area in the direction of flow.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for shear stress is the Pascal (Pa).3.1.6 viscosity, nthat property of a fluid which resists flow.3.1.6.1 DiscussionViscosity is defined as the ratio of the applied shear stress (force causing flow) and the shear rate (resultant vel
15、ocity of flow perunit distance from a stationary surface wet by the fluid). Mathematically expressed:viscosity5shear stress/shear rate or,symbolically, 5/G (1)viscosity5shear stress/shear rate or,symbolically,5/ (1)in which the symbols in the second portion of Eq 1 are defined by the terms in the fi
16、rst portion of the equation. The SIunit for viscosity used herein is milliPascal seconds (mPas).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:33.2.1 air-binding oilsthose engine oils whose borderline pumping temperatures are determined by a combination of gelationand viscous flow.3.2.2 borderli
17、ne pumping temperature, nthat temperature at which an engine oil may have such poor flow characteristics thatthe engine oil pump may not be capable of supplying sufficient lubricant to the engine.3.2.3 calibration oil, nNewtonian oils developed and used to calibrate the viscometer drive module over
18、the viscosity rangerequired for this test method.3.2.3.1 Discussionthese calibration oils are specially blended to give sufficient sensitivity and range for the special viscometer head used.3.2.4 computer-programmed automated analysis, nuse of modern techniques for acquiring analog data, converting
19、these todigital values and using this information to automatically record and analyze torque output from the viscometer drive module andto render this information into tabular data and plotted relationships.3.2.4.1 analog-to-digital (A-D) converter, na device for converting continuously produced ele
20、ctrical signals into discretenumerical values capable of being analyzed by computer technology.3.2.5 critical pumpability temperature, nthe temperature in the viscometer bath at which an oil reaches a chosen criticalpumpability viscosity (see 3.2.6).3.2.6 critical pumpability viscosity, nthat appare
21、nt viscosity believed to cause pumpability problems in an engine. Thisapparent viscosity is chosen to test an oil for its critical pumpability temperature.3.2.7 flow-limited oils, nthose oils whose borderline pumping temperatures are determined by viscous flow.3.2.8 gelation, na rheological conditio
22、n of an oil characterized by a marked increase in the flow resistance over and abovethe normal exponential increase of viscosity with decreasing temperature, particularly at lower shear stresses and temperatures.3.2.8.1 DiscussionGelation has been attributed to a process of nucleation and crystalliz
23、ation of components of the engine oil and the formation ofa structure.43.2.9 Gelation Index, nthe maximum value of the incremental ratio21log log1!2log log2!/log T12log T2! (2)3 The sole source of supply of the equipment and materials known to the committee at this time is Tannas Co., 4800 James Sav
24、age Rd., Midland, MI 48642. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.4 Symposium on Low Temperature Lubrican
25、t Rheology Measurement and Relevance to Engine Operation, ASTM STP 1143, Rhodes, R. B., ed., ASTM, 1992.D5133 1222log log1!2log log2!/log T12log T2! (2)(in which is dynamic viscosity and T is in degrees Kelvin) over the temperature range scanned when the incremental de-crease in temperature is 1 K.3
26、.2.9.1 DiscussionThe technique of deriving Gelation Index was first developed and practiced5 collecting information from a strip-chart recordingand applying the empirical MacCoull-Walther-Wright equation (Test Method D341). For further information, see Appendix X1.3.2.10 Gelation Index reference oil
27、s, nnon-Newtonian oils chosen to give certain levels of Gelation Index as a check oninstrument performance3.3.2.11 Gelation Index temperature, nthe temperature (t2 in Eq 2) in degrees Celsius at which the Gelation Index occurs.3.2.12 pre-treatment sample heating bath, na water or air bath to heat th
28、e samples for 1.5 to 2.0 h at 90 6 2C before testing.3.2.13 programmable liquid cold bath, na liquid bath having a temperature controller capable of being programmed to runthe calibration and the analysis portions of the test method.3.2.14 temperature controller, na programmable device which, when p
29、roperly programmed, ramps the temperature upwardor downward at a chosen rate or series of steps while simultaneously controlling temperature excursions.3.2.14.1 calibration program, na program to run the required series of temperatures at which the torque values necessary tocalibrate the viscometer
30、drive module are collected and analyzed.3.2.14.2 test program, na program to run the test oil analysis at 1C/h temperature decrease.3.2.14.3 hold program, na program to reach and hold the programmable liquid cold bath at 5C.3.2.15 test cell, nthe combination of the rotor and stator. Critical element
31、s of the test cell are sketched in Fig. 1.3.2.15.1 rotor, na titanium rotor sized to give a compromise of sensitivity and range to the determination of viscosity andgelation using this test method.(1) stator, na precision-bore borosilicate glass tube, to which a measured amount of oil is added for t
32、he test and within whichthe specially-made rotor turns.(2) stator collar, na clamp for the stator which also positions it on the test cell alignment device.5 Selby, T.W., “The Use of the Scanning Brookfield Technique to Study the Critical Degree of Gelation of Lubricants at Low Temperatures”, SAE Pa
33、per 910746, Societyof Automotive Engineers, 1991.FIG. 1 Test CellD5133 1233.2.16 test cell alignment device6, na special device used to support the viscometer drive module while maintaining the statorand the rotor coaxial and vertical in regard to the viscometer driveshaft. Later designs permit dry
34、gas into the cell to preventmoisture and frost buildup.3.2.17 test oil, nany oil for which apparent viscosity is to be determined using the procedure described by this test method.3.2.18 viscometer drive module, nthe rotor drive and torque-sensing component of a rotational viscometer.3.2.19 viscomet
35、er module support, na part of the test cell alignment device supporting the viscometer drive module.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 After pre-heating approximately 20 mL of the test oil in a glass stator at 90C for 1.5 to 2.0 h., the test cell containing thetest oil is attached to a suitable viscometer
36、 drive module and the test cell immersed in a liquid cold bath and cooled at 1C/h overthe temperature range of 5 to 40C. Data from the viscometer drive module is collected and fed to a computerized dataassimilation program to determine the Gelation Index, Gelation Index temperature, and Critical Pum
37、pability temperature for aselected viscosity such as 30 000 or 40 000 mPas (cP).5. Significance and Use5.1 Significance of Low-Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Engine Oil RheologyThe low-temperature, low-shear viscometricbehavior of an engine oil determines whether the oil will flow to the sump inlet sc
38、reen, then to the oil pump, then to the sites inthe engine requiring lubrication in sufficient quantity to prevent engine damage immediately or ultimately after cold temperaturestarting.5.1.1 Two forms of flow problems have been identified,4 flow-limited and air-binding behavior. The first form of f
39、lowrestriction, flow-limited behavior, is associated with the oils viscosity; the second, air-binding behavior, is associated withgelation.5.2 Significance of the Test MethodThe temperature-scanning technique employed by this test method was designed todetermine the susceptibility of the engine oil
40、to flow-limited and air-binding response to slow cooling conditions by providingcontinuous information on the rheological condition of the oil over the temperature range of use.4 ,5,7 In this way, both viscometricand gelation response are obtained in one test.NOTE 1This test method is one of three r
41、elated to pumpability related problems. Measurement of low-temperature viscosity by the two otherpumpability Test Methods D3829 and D4684, hold the sample in a quiescent state and generate the apparent viscosity of the sample at shear rates rangingup to 15 sec-1 and shear stresses up to 525 Pa at a
42、previously selected temperature. Such difference in test parameters (shear rate, shear stress, samplemotion, temperature scanning, and so forth) can lead to differences in the measured apparent viscosity among these test methods with some test oils,particularly when other rheological factors associa
43、ted with gelation are present. In addition, the three methods differ considerably in cooling rates.5.3 Gelation Index and Gelation Index TemperatureThis test method has been further developed to yield parameters calledthe Gelation Index and Gelation Index temperature.The first parameter is a measure
44、 of the maximum rate of torque increase causedby the rheological response of the oil as the oil is cooled slowly. The second parameter is the temperature at which the GelationIndex occurs.6. Apparatus36.1 Test Cell, shown in Fig. 1, consisting of a matched rotor and a stator of the following critica
45、l dimensions:6.1.1 Rotor dimensions for: critical length is 65.5 mm (60.1 mm) and critical diameter is 18.40 mm (60.02 mm).6.1.2 Stator dimensions for: critical diameter is 22.05 mm (60.02 mm) at whatever length will satisfy the immersion depthwhen the upper oil level is a minimum of 15 mm below the
46、 cooling liquid level over the entire temperature range.6.2 Viscometer Drive Modules, rotational viscometer drive modules capable of producing an analog signal to an analog-to-digital converter or other analog signal data processor such as a strip-chart recorder.6.2.1 With the rotor and stator descr
47、ibed in 6.1.1 and 6.1.2, the viscometer drive module shall be capable of measuring to atleast 45 000 mPas (cP).6.3 Test Cell Alignment Device, simultaneously maintains a vertical axial alignment and reasonably consistent positioning of therotor in the stator to give repeatable torque readout from te
48、st to test when setting up the apparatus for analysis.6.3.1 Viscometer Support, supports the viscometer drive module and aligns it vertically.6.3.2 Stator Collar, clamps the stator and supports it when the stator collar is attached to the viscometer support.6.4 Ameans of providing a dry gas atmosphe
49、re over the top of the test sample is necessary to prevent condensation and freezingof water on the oil surface.6 The test cell alignment device is covered by patents. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of alternatives to this patented itemto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.7 Shaub, H., “A History of ASTM Accomplishments in Low T
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