1、Designation: D5141 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forDetermining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of theFiltration Component of a Sediment Retention Device1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to determine the filteringefficiency
3、and the flow rate of the filtration component of asediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, orinlet protector.1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filteringefficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute(m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft
4、2/min)for flow rate.1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sedi-ment removed from sediment-laden water.1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of thesediment-laden water through the filtration component of asediment retention device.1.2 This test method requires several s
5、pecialized pieces ofequipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an ana-lytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the clientsdiscretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil thatis representative of a target default gradation.1.3 The values stated in SI units are the
6、 standard, while theinch-pound units are provided for information. The valuesexpressed in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of the other,without combining values in any way.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concern
7、s, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with int
8、ernationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D12
9、3 Terminology Relating to TextilesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products (RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Confor-mance of Geosynt
10、hetics2.2 American Public Health Association (APHA) Stan-dard:3208D Total Nonfiltrable Residue Dried at 103105C (TotalSuspended Matter)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 filterSee Terminology D653.3.1.2 filtration componenta geotextile or other materialdesigned to act as a filter.3.1.3 geosynthetic
11、, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with foundation soil, rock, earth, orany other geotechnical engineering related material as anintegral part of a man-made project, structure, or system. (SeePractice D4759.)3.1.4 performance property, na result obtained by con-ducting a pe
12、rformance test.3.1.5 performance test, nin geosynthetics, a laboratoryprocedure that simulates selected field conditions which can beused in design.3.1.6 For definitions of other terms relating togeosynthetics, refer to Terminology D4439. For definitions oftextile terms, refer to Terminology D123. F
13、or definitions of soilterms, refer to Terminology D653.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallya
14、pproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5141 11. DOI:10.1520/D5141-11R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
15、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Public Health Association (APHA), 1015 EighteenthSt. NW, Washington, DC 20036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accorda
16、nce with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
17、to This Standard:3.2.1 filtering effciency, FE, nin geosynthetics, the per-cent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water by thefiltration component of a sediment retention device over aspecified period of time.3.2.2 flow rate, FR L3L2T1, nin geosynthetics, thevolume of fluid per unit time, expr
18、essed as an average, whichpasses through a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to thefluid flow.3.2.3 flume, nan apparatus that carries a liquid to an outlet.3.2.4 sediment retention device (SRD), nin geosynthetics,a temporary composite structure used to induce the removal ofsuspended sediments from
19、 sediment-laden flowing water.3.2.5 silt fence, nin geosynthetics, a type of sedimentretention device.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A filtration component of a sediment retention devicespecimen is placed vertically across a flume or over a horizon-tal opening at the end of a flume while sediment-lade
20、n water ispassed through the specimen.4.1.1 The time that water flows through the filtration com-ponent of a sediment retention device and the amount of soilpassed by the filtration component of a sediment retentiondevice are measured. The amount of soil retained, filteringefficiency, and flow rate
21、are calculated from these measuredvalues.4.2 Either a site-specific soil or a soil representative of atarget default gradation, at the clients discretion, should beused in this test method.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the filteringefficiency and flow rate of the f
22、iltration component of asediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, ora silt curtain, for specific soil tested.5.2 This test method may be used for the design of thefiltration component of a sediment retention device to meetrequirements of regulatory agencies in filtering effici
23、ency orflow rate for the specific soil tested.5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine thespacing between sediment retention devices.5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation,as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unlesstesting with the default s
24、oil is desired, it is recommended thatthe user or representative perform the test to pre-approveproducts, as sediment retention device manufacturers are nottypically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating thefiltration component of sediment r
25、etention devices with differ-ent soils under various conditions that simulate the conditionsthat exist in a sediment retention device installation. This testmethod may be used to simulate several storm events on thesame sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, thenumber of times this test is r
26、epeated per specimen is dependentupon the user and the site conditions.6. Apparatus6.1 Flume, constructed from marine-grade plywood,plexiglas, aluminum, or other material. The flume should bewatertight and constructed as shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 1Metal flumes should be mounted on a wood frame. The flume
27、opening is the standard length of a straw bale. With a standard lengthflume of 122 cm (48 in.), the height of the back of the flume would beelevated 10 cm (378 in.).6.2 Inlet Extension, constructed from marine-gradeplywood, plexiglass, aluminum, or other material. The inletextension should be watert
28、ight and constructed as shown inFig. 2.NOTE 2Metal inlet extensions should be mounted on a wood frame.The inlet extension opening should be appropriate for the type of SRDbeing tested.6.3 Sample Cutter, appropriate to prepare test specimens.6.4 Integrated Water Sampler,4a 500-mL (0.13-gal) deviceuse
29、d to collect integrated samples of water.6.5 Two Containers, 75-L (20-gal), plastic or nonmetallic.6.6 Stopwatch.6.7 Stirrer, such as a stirring rod on a portable electric drill.6.8 Sediment-Free Water, containing no flocculent agents.NOTE 3Flocculent agents used in water treatment may cause errone-
30、ous results by affecting the settling rate of soil particles in the water.6.9 Soil, either site-specific or representative of a targetdefault gradation.6.10 Gooch Crucible.6.11 Membrane Filter Apparatus.6.12 Vacuum Pump.6.13 Planchet, aluminum or stainless steel.6.14 Desiccator.6.15 Analytical Balan
31、ce, sensitivity of 0.01 g.7. Sampling7.1 SRD Filtration Component:7.1.1 Lot SampleDivide the product into lots and take thelot sample as directed in Practice D4354.7.1.2 Laboratory SampleCut off sufficient length of thefiltration component of the sediment retention device to get theappropriate numbe
32、r of test specimens. If holes or damagedareas are evident, then damaged material should be discardedand additional material sampled.7.1.3 Test SpecimensCut the appropriate number of speci-mens to be tested from the machine direction of the laboratorysample by a random method. Each test specimen shou
33、ld be cut(1 m long by 0.3 m wide (3.3 ft long by 12 in. wide) to fit theflume or as necessary to fit the inlet opening.NOTE 4No specimen should be taken within 0.2 m (6 in.) of a selvage.7.2 SoilIf desired, obtain representative samples of thesite-specific soil that is significant to the design of t
34、he sediment4The US DH-48 integrated water sampler has been found to be satisfactory. It isavailable commercially.D5141 11 (2018)2NOTE 1Sides and bottom of flume can be constructed of 2-cm thick marine-grade plywood.FIG. 1 Flume (for Vertical SRDs)FIG. 2 Inlet Extension (for Horizontal SRDs)D5141 11
35、(2018)3retention device on the construction project. The size and typeof sample required is dependent upon the number of tests to beperformed and the percent of coarse particles in the sample. Iftesting is not site specific, obtain a soil sample representative ofthe following target default gradatio
36、n and having a plasticityindex (PI) of 15:Percent Passing Sieve Size (opening size, mm)100 No. 10 (2.0 mm)80 100 No. 40 (0.420 mm)70 90 No. 100 (0.149 mm)50 70 No. 200 (0.075 mm)8. Procedure8.1 Place the filtration component sample taut across theflume opening or tightly fitted to the inlet opening
37、and fastensecurely in place to ensure that the test specimen has nowrinkles or loose sections and there is no seepage around thespecimen.8.2 Elevate the back of the flume to an 8 % slope. (See Fig.1.)8.3 Pre-wet the filtration component sample by running onetest with 50 L (13.3 gal) of sediment-free
38、 water. Record thetemperature of the water.8.4 Mix 0.15 kg (0.33 lb) of air-dried site-specific soil in50 L (13.3 gal) of untreated water placed in a 75-L (20-gal)container. These soil particles are smaller than 2 mm, theopening size of a No. 10 sieve. Thoroughly agitate the solutionwith a stirrer f
39、or 1 min to obtain a uniform mix.8.5 While continuing to mix the solution, release thesediment-laden water at the upper end of the flume. Release ofthe solution should take less than 10 s. Start the timer atrelease.8.6 Rinse the mixing container with no more than 2 L(0.5 gal) of additional water and
40、 release into the flume.8.7 Time the flow of water through the filtration componentsample until no water remains behind or above the sample or25 min has elapsed. If 25 min has elapsed and water remainsbehind or above the sample, then measure the distance from thesample to the edge of the water behin
41、d the sample (if testedvertically) or the depth of water above the sample (if testedhorizontally).8.8 Collect all filtrate caught by the gutter in a secondcontainer, until no water remains behind the sample or 25 minhas elapsed.8.9 At the completion of the test, agitate the collected filtratewith a
42、stirrer until the mixture is uniformly mixed. After 1 minof mixing, obtain a depth-integrated suspended-solids samplefrom the mixture while continuing the agitation. Alternatively,the entire collected filtrate may be vacuum filtered.NOTE 5With the sampler specified in 6.4, a rate of sampling thatreq
43、uires 30 s to reach the bottom of the container and 30 s to return to thesurface is ideal. This sampling procedure allows collection of a sampleover the full depth of the mixture, or the entire collected mixture may beused.8.10 Place a glass-fiber filter disk either on a membranefilter apparatus or
44、in the bottom of a suitable Gooch crucible.Apply a vacuum and wash the disk with three successive20-mL portions of distilled water. Continue suction to removeall traces of water from the disk.8.11 Carefully remove the filter disk from the membranefilter apparatus and transfer to an aluminum or stain
45、less steelplanchet. If a Gooch crucible is used, remove the crucible andfilter disk combination.8.12 Dry the filter disk for at least1hinanoven at 103 to105 C.8.13 Store in a desiccator until cooled to room temperature.8.14 Weigh the filter disk to an accuracy of 0.01 g.8.15 Place the filter disk in
46、 the membrane filter apparatusand return it or the Gooch crucible to the vacuuming andfiltering apparatus.8.16 Under the vacuum, filter the sample of water collectedin 8.9.8.17 Repeat 8.11 8.14.9. Calculation9.1 If using a depth-integrated suspended-solids sample,calculate suspended solids as follow
47、s:SS5A 2 B! 31000C(1)where:SS= suspended solids, ppm,A = weight of filter plus residue,B = weight of filter, andC = sample, mL.9.2 If using a depth-integrated suspended-solids sample,calculate the percent filtering efficiency (FE) for the filtrationcomponent of the sediment retention device specimen
48、 asfollows:FE52890 2 Ss28903100 (2)where:SS= suspended solids after filtration, ppm, (Eq 1), and2890 = sediment placed behind the filtration component ofthe sediment retention device, ppm.9.3 If using the entire collected filtrate, calculate the percentfiltering efficiency (FE) for the filtration co
49、mponent of thesediment retention device specimen as follows:FE5 A 2 B!/150! x 100 (3)where:A = weight of filter plus residue (g),B = weight of filter (g), and150 = initial sediment load, g.9.4 For vertical sediment retention devices, calculate theflow rate (FT) of the filtration component of the sedimentretention device specimen using Eq 4 (complete drainage) orEq 5 (25 min elapsed time):FTm3/m2/min! 5 1.212856/t (4)orD5141 11 (2018)4FTm3/m2/min! 50.05 2 0.033784xf2!0.04123110.033892xf!/t (5)where:T = temperature of the water,t = t
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