1、Designation: D5199 12Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5199; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the nominalthickness of geosynthetics, except textured and some struc-tured geomembranes wher
3、e the entire surface of the presserfoot cannot come into complete contact with the geosyntheticsurface.1.2 This test method does not provide thickness values forgeosynthetics under variable normal compressive stresses. Thistest method determines nominal thickness, not necessarilyminimum thickness.1.
4、3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pri
5、ate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens forTextiles
6、3D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness ofTextured GeomembranesE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the
7、 Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other terms relating to geotextiles andgeomembranes used in this standard, refer to TerminologyD4439. For definition of other textile terms used in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D123.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 pressure, nthe force or lo
8、ad per unit area.3.2.2 thickness(1) the distance between one planar sur-face and its opposite parallel and planar surface; (2) in thetextiles the distance between the upper and lower surfaces ofthe material, measured under a specified pressure and time.3.2.3 structured geomembrane, ngeomembrane cons
9、ist-ing of a flat core and protrusions on one or both sides 3.1.3 Fordefinitions of other terms relating to geotextiles and geomem-branes used in this standard, refer to Terminology D4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The nominal thickness of geosynthetics is determinedby observing the distance betwe
10、en two parallel surfacesconfining the tested material while under a specified pressure,after 5 seconds.5. Significance and Use5.1 Thickness is one of the basic physical properties used tocontrol the quality of many geosynthetics. Thickness valuescan be required for calculation of some geosynthetics
11、proper-ties such as permeability and tensile stress, among others.5.2 The thickness of some geosynthetics may vary consid-erably with the applied normal load. Specific pressures andsurfaces on which they are applied are indicated in this methodto ensure all results are comparable.5.3 This test metho
12、d may be used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments of geosynthetics for which this methodis applicable (see 1.1).NOTE 1The user should be aware that the compressibility of somematerials, their rebound characteristics, and other phenomenon will affect1This test method is under the jurisdicti
13、on of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5199 11. DOI:10.1520/D5199-12.2For r
14、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard i
15、s referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the thickness of some geosynthetics, following the time when they arerolled up, shipped and stored.6. Apparatus6.1 Thickness Testing Instrument The thickness
16、 gaugeshall have a base (or anvil) and a free moving presser foot platewhose planar faces are parallel to each other to 0.01 mm. Agauge with a 56.4 mm (2.22 in.) diameter presser foot, the baseshall extend at least 10 mm (3/8 in) in all directions further thanthe edge of the 2500 mm2(3.88 in2) circu
17、lar presser foot, shallbe used for measurements of geotextiles, geocomposite drain-age materials, and geonets.Agauge with a 6.35 mm (0.250 in.)diameter presser foot and a base at least 6.35 mm (0.250 in)diameter shall be used for geomembranes. The instrumentsmust be capable of measuring a maximum th
18、ickness of at least10 mm (3/8 in) to an accuracy of at least 60.02 mm (6 0.0008in.). The gauges shall be constructed to permit gradual appli-cation of pressure to a specific force of 2 6 0.02 kPa (0.29 60.003 psi) for geotextiles and 20 6 0.2 kPa (2.9 6 0.03 psi) forgeomembranes. Dead-weight loading
19、 may be used.6.1.1 The specified pressure of 2 or 20 kPa may not besufficient to flatten some stiff geosynthetics. For these products,usage of a frame pressing firmly the outer edge of the specimenon the base of the thickness testing instrument can be used, toensure full contact of both the pressure
20、 foot and the base on thespecimen in the area of interest. However, care shall be givento avoid influencing the measurement, i.e. by applying somestress on the sample under the pressure foot.NOTE 2For HDPE geomembrane only, a pressure within a range of 50to 200 kPa can be used in place of, or in con
21、junction with the framedescribed in6.1.1NOTE 3Due to the compressibility of some types of geosynthetics,cutting and handling may influence the measurements. Care should beexercised to minimize these effects.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleIn the absence of other guidelines dividethe product into lots and t
22、ake lot samples as specified inPractice D4354.7.2 Laboratory SampleConsider the units in the lotsample as the units in the laboratory sample. For the laboratorysample, take a full width sample of sufficient length along theselvage or edge of the roll so that the requirements of 7.3-7.5can be met. Ex
23、clude the inner and outer wraps of the roll or anymaterial containing folds, crushed areas or other distortions notrepresentative of the sampled lot.7.3 Remove test specimens from the laboratory sample in arandomly distributed pattern across the width with no specimentaken nearer than 100 mm (4 in.)
24、 from the selvage or roll edge,unless otherwise specified. For geomembranes, include at leastone specimen taken no more than 152 mm (6 in.) from theedge, in the area which is likely to be welded.7.4 Test SpecimensFrom each unit in the laboratorysample, remove the specimens so that the edge of the sp
25、ecimenwill extend beyond the edge of the pressor foot by 10 mm (0.39in.) in all directions. If a frame is found to be necessary toflatten stiff geosynthetics, the dimension of the specimen shallbe adapted to ensure that usage of the frame will not influencethe measurement.7.5 Number of SpecimensUnle
26、ss otherwise agreed upon,thickness measurements shall be conducted on 10 specimensspread across the full width of the roll.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in theatmosphere for testing geotextiles and geomembranes, that is,temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F) and relative h
27、umidity of60 6 10 %.8.2 Moisture equilibrium is considered to have been reachedwhen the change in mass of the specimen, in successiveweightings made at intervals of not less than 2 h, does notexceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.NOTE 4It is recognized that in practice, a conditioning of 24 hours
28、 issufficient to reach equilibrium for geotextiles and geomembranes whichdo not exhibit excessive moisture on reception. However, in case ofdispute, the method described in 8.2 shall be preferred.9. Procedure9.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere specified in 8.1.9.2 Handle t
29、he test specimens carefully to avoid altering thenatural state of the material. In particular, no tension shall beexerted in the plane of geotextiles or other easily deformableproducts.9.3 Procedure A - Geotextiles, planar geocomposite drain-age materials, and geonets: With the force applied to thep
30、resser foot on the base (no test specimen present), zero themeasuring scale or record the “base reading.” Lift the presserfoot, center the test specimen on the base under the presserfoot, and bring the presser foot into contact with the material.Gradually increase the pressure to 2 kPa (0.29 psi). A
31、fter thefull force has been applied to presser foot for 5 s against thespecimen, record the thickness value to the nearest 0.02 mmand remove the specimen from the test device.9.4 Procedure B -All geomembranes excluding textured orstructured geomembranes:With the force applied to the presserfoot on t
32、he base (no test specimen present), zero the measuringscale or record the “base reading.” Lift the presser foot, centerthe specimen on the base under the presser foot, and bring thepresser foot into contact with the material. Gradually increasethe pressure to 20 kPa (2.9 psi). After the full force h
33、as beenapplied to presser foot for 5 s against the specimen, record thethickness value to the nearest 0.02 mm and remove thespecimen from the test device.NOTE 5For textured or structured geomembranes, use ASTM D59949.5 Procedure C:This method involves test conditions(presser foot diameter, applied p
34、ressure) agreed upon by theparties. It can be used only for products which cannot beevaluated per procedures A or B, or for research and develop-ment. With the force applied to the presser foot on the base (notest specimen present), zero the measuring scale or record thebase reading.i Lift the press
35、er foot, center the specimen onthe base under the presser foot, and bring the presser foot intocontact with the material. Gradually increase the pressure tothe agreed-upon pressure. After the full force has been appliedto presser foot for 5 s against the specimen, record theD5199 122thickness value
36、to the nearest 0.02 mm and remove thespecimen from the test device.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the average of the thickness for all testresults as read directly from the test instrument, as well as thecoefficient of variation.11. Report11.1 The report for the nominal thickness shall include thefol
37、lowing information:11.1.1 Project, type of geotextile or geomembrane tested,and method of sampling.11.1.2 Name or description of thickness apparatus used fortesting.11.1.3 Dimensions of the specimen.11.1.4 Procedure used (A, B or C) as well as the diameter ofthe presser foot and the applied pressure
38、.11.1.5 Average nominal thickness, and11.1.6 Coefficient of variation of thickness in the sample, inpercent (optional).11.1.7 Any unusual or out of standard conditions or obser-vations made during the tests.11.1.8 Any deviation from this procedure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision (Geotextiles):1
39、2.1.1 Inter-Laboratory Test Program4An inter-laboratory study of Test Method D5199 was performed in1994. Each of six laboratories tested ten randomly drawnspecimens from each of four materials.12.1.2 ResultThe precision information given below hasbeen calculated for the comparison of six test result
40、s, each ofwhich is the average of ten specimens. Four different materialswere tested.12.1.3 95 % Repeatability Limit The repeatability limit is14 % of the test results. For the different materials, therepeatability limits range from 22 % to 9 %.12.1.4 95 % Reproducibility Limit (Between Laboratory)T
41、he reproducibility limit is 23 % of the test results. For thedifferent materials, the repeatability limits range from 33 % to17 %.12.1.5 The respective coefficients of variation percentagesfor the test results may be obtained by dividing the abovenumbers by 2.8. Hence, for the four materials tested:
42、Repeatability ReproducibilityMaterial A8 % Material A12 %Material B4 % Material B 8 %Material C3 % Material C 7 %Material D5 % Material D 6 %12.2 Precision (Smooth Surfaced Geomembranes):12.2.1 Inter-Laboratory Test Program4An inter-laboratory study of Test Method D5199 was performed in1994. Each of
43、 three laboratories tested ten randomly drawnspecimens from each of four materials.12.2.2 ResultThe precision information given below hasbeen calculated for the comparison of three test results, each ofwhich is the average of ten specimens. Four different materialswere tested.12.2.3 95 % Repeatabili
44、ty Limit The repeatability limit is5 % of the test results. For the different materials, the repeat-ability limits range from 8 % to 2 %.12.2.4 95 % Reproducibility Limit (Between Laboratory)The reproducibility limit is 12 % of the test results. For thedifferent materials, the repeatability limits r
45、ange from 18 % to8%.12.2.5 The respective coefficients of variation percentagesfor the test results may be obtained by dividing the abovenumbers by 2.8. Hence, for the four materials tested:Repeatability ReproducibilityMaterial A1 % Material A4 %Material B1 % Material B7 %Material C3 % Material C3 %
46、Material D2 % Material D4 %12.3 Precision (Geonet and Geocomposite):12.3.1 Inter-Laboratory Test ProgramAn inter-laboratorystudy of Test Method D5199 was performed in 1999. Threesets (ten test specimens each) which were randomly drawnfrom each material, one geonet and one double-sided geocom-posite,
47、 that were tested for thickness in each of the fivelaboratories. The design of the experiment, similar to that ofPractice E691, and a within-between analysis of the data aregiven in an ASTM Research Report.512.3.2 Test ResultThe precision information is given be-low. The precision values are for the
48、 thickness test results andare in terms of coefficients of variation, CV%.12.3.3 Precision:Statistic Geonet GeocompositeAverage thickness, mm 5.64 6.984The design of the experiment, similar to that of Practice E691, and awithin-between analyzer of the data will be available.5Supporting data have bee
49、n filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D35-1009.Procedure Applicable for testing of: Diameter of thepressure footPressure applied(5 seconds)A Geotextiles, planar drainagegeocomposites, geonets forwhich this method is applicable(see 1.1)56.4 mm (2.22 in.) 2 kPa (0.29 psi)B All geomembranes for whichthis method is applicable(see 1.1)6.35 mm (0.25 in.) 20 kPa (2.9 psi)C Products not listed above(excluding textured geomembranes)Either 6.35 mm or 56,4 mmas agreed upon by the partiesEither 2
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