1、Designation: D5217 91 (Reapproved 2009)D5217 17Standard Guide forDetection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate IonExchange Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide presents a series of tests and evaluations intended to detect fouling and degrad
3、ation of particulate ion exchangematerials. Suggestions on reducing fouling and on cleaning resins are given.1.2 This guide is to be used only as an aid in the evaluation of particulate ion exchange material performance and does notpurport to address all possible causes of unsatisfactory performance
4、. The evaluations of mechanical and operational problems arenot addressed.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironm
5、ental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Gui
6、des and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1782 Test Methods for Operating Performance of Particulate Cation-Exchange MaterialsD2187 Test Methods and Practice
7、s for Evaluating Physical and Chemical Properties of Particulate Ion-Exchange ResinsD2332 Practice for Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits by Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray FluorescenceD2687 Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exchange MaterialsD3087 Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-Exch
8、ange Materials for Strong Acid RemovalD3375 Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed IonExchange MaterialsD3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization ProcessesD3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke Ash by Atomic Absorptio
9、nD5042 Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange ResinsD6302 Practice for Evaluating the Kinetic Behavior of Ion Exchange ResinsE830 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: For def
10、initions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D1129.3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air lance, vto subject to a stream of air under pressure.3.2.2 organic foulingfouling, nthe build
11、up of organic material in or on anion exchange resins by sorption during the servicecycle and incomplete removal during normal regeneration.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion ExchangeMater
12、ials.Current edition approved May 1, 2009Nov. 1, 2017. Published June 2009November 2017. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 asD5217 91 (2009). (2004). DOI: 10.1520/D5217-91R09.10.1520/D5217-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, o
13、r contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is
14、intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the c
15、urrent versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 Resins used in demineralization systems may deteriorate due to man
16、y factors including chemical attack, fouling by organicand inorganic materials, mishandling, or the effects of aging. Detection of degradation or fouling may be important in determiningthe cause of poor demineralizer performance.5. Sampling5.1 Follow the recommendations of Practices D2687 for obtain
17、ing samples of particulate ion exchange materials. Core samplesare important for obtaining representative samples; however, special problems may dictate other sampling requirements, such assurface, interface, or other samples.6. Preliminary Examination6.1 Examine the sample visually or with the aid
18、of a magnifier for any abnormalities. Note any unusual color, precipitates,biological material (slime), particulate matter, or small pieces or fragments of resin. Note that the color of resin may vary fromlot to lot or with normal use and would not be considered unusual.6.2 Note any peculiar odor as
19、sociated with the sample, such as from oil, solvents, or biological activity.7. Moisture and Particle Size Distribution7.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D2187, Test Methods A, B, and D for determining moisture (water retentioncapacity) and particle size distribution.7.2 Compare the values
20、obtained in 7.1 to those expected for the resin when in good condition. It is preferred that new resin,treated in the same way, be used for this comparison, but manufacturers specifications can also be used.8. Mixed-Bed Resin Separation8.1 Observe resin during separation according to Test Methods D2
21、187, Test Method A. Adjust backwash rate to giveoptimiumoptimum separation, then let resin settle and observe interface and note degree of cross-mixing.9. Ash Content and Metals Analysis9.1 Follow the procedure given inTest Method E830 for determining the ash content of the pretreated and dried samp
22、le.Alargersample portion may be used for low-ash resins.TABLE 1 Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange MaterialsSectionNo. Property Tested Test Results Possible Indications6 Visual appearance Unusual color or precipitates Coating on beads from foulants or improper regenerat
23、ionPieces/fragments present Physical degradation6 Odor Unusual odor Fouling of resin by oil, solvents, etc. or biological activity7 Moisture Higher than expected (10 % above) Degradation of resin causing decrosslinkingLower than expected Fouling of resin by heavy materials, such as metal oxides7 Par
24、ticle size distribution Smaller sizes than expected Physical degradation or non-representative sampleLarger sizes than expected Loss of smaller beads by backwash or through strainers8 Mixed bed resin separation Poor separation Ionic form of resin may not be correctResin may be fouledParticle size di
25、stribution of beads may be incorrect9 Ash content and metals Higher than expected Fouling of resin by expected metal oxides or silica (from corrosionproducts,influent water, or regenerants)9 Ash content and metals Higher than expected Fouling of resin by expected metal oxides or silica (from corrosi
26、onproducts,influent water, or regenerants)10 Organic fouling of anion resins Moderate to severe Presence of sufficient organic fouling to affect performance11 Column performance Poorer than expected Degradation or fouling sufficient to affect performance12 Kinetics Poorer than expected Degradation o
27、r fouling sufficient to affect performanceD5217 1729.2 Analyze the ash for silica or metals such as iron, copper, manganese, barium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or otherswhich might be suspected as contaminants. Use X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine major elements (see Practice D2332).Emplo
28、y digestion, fusion, and analysis techniques as would be used for other types of ash. (Seeash (see Test Methods D3682 andD3683.). Note that some elements may be lost during the 575C ashing, and spike recoveries must be checked.10. Detection of Organic Fouling of Anion Resins10.1 Follow procedures gi
29、ven in Test MethodsMethod D5042 for estimation of the degree of organic fouling of anion resins.10.2 For a more rapid, but less reliable evaluation of the resin, the caustic-brine extract from Test MethodsMethod D5042 maybe judged by color rather than by total organic carbon measurement: the darker
30、the color, the heavier the organic fouling. Notethat colorless foulants such as detergents or synthetic polyelectrolytes will not be detected.11. Column Performance Testing11.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D3375, D3087, or D1782 as needed to evaluate the performance of mixed bed,anion, or
31、 cation exchange materials, respectively.12. Kinetics Testing12.1 The evaluation of the kinetics properties of ion-exchange resins is especially important for anion resins used in high flowrate applications such as condensate polishing.12.2 Test the resins kinetics properties according to Practice D
32、6302 or published procedures such as those by the CentralElectricity Generating Board4 and Rohm fouling; ion exchange; kinetics; resinAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. METHODS FOR PREVENTING OR REDUCING FOULANTS TO CONTAMINANTS SUSPECTED OF FOULING OR DE-GRADING ION EXCHANGE RESINS6X1.1 Organi
33、csHumic or fulvic solubles in waterHumic or fulvic leakage from pretreatment-coagulation or organic trapsColloidal color from influent waterCation exchange resin degradation productsOil, soluble, or greaseOrganic or vegetable fibers4 Harris, R. R., “Anion Exchange Kinetics in Condensate Purification
34、 Mixed Beds-Assessment and Performance Prediction,” Proceedings of EPRI Condensate PolishingWorkshop, October 1985, pp. 3140.5 McNulty, J. T., et al., “Anion Exchange Resin Kinetic Testing:An Indispensable Diagnostic Tool for Condensate Polisher Troubleshooting,” Proceedings of InternationalWater Co
35、nference, October, 1986.6 Crits, G. J., “The Prevention of Organics and Other Foulants in Ion Exchange Resins,” 24th Annual Liberty Bell Corrosion Course, April 1986.D5217 173Filter media, siliceous (Celite,7 perlite)Filter media, cellulose (Solka-Floc8)Micro-organisms, algae, bacteria, slime, etc.D
36、etergents, ABS/LAS, anionicDetergents, cationicAir-borne dusts, micro-organismsSolvents/detergents from new resinsAmines from anion resinsSloughage from aged exhausted activated carbonOrganic leakage from weak base or Type II strong base anion exchange resinsResin leakage, fines or beadsPolyelectrol
37、ytes/coagulation aidsX1.2 Metals or Non-MetalsX1.2 These are only suggested treatments; the resin supplier should be consulted before any newtreatment process is used.Suspected Contaminant or Foulant OrganicsHumic or fulvic solubles in waterHumic or fulvic leakage from pretreatment-coagulation or or
38、ganic trapsColloidal color from influent waterCation degradation productsOil, soluble or greaseOrganic or vegetable fibersFilter media, celite/siliceousFilter media, cellulose (solka floc)Micro-organisms, algae, bacteria, slime, etc.Detergents, ABS/LAS, anionicDetergents, cationicAir-borne dusts, mi
39、cro-organismsSolvents/detergents from new resinsAmines from anion resinsSloughage from aged exhausted activated carbonOrganic leakage from weak/Type IIResin leakage, fines or beadsPolyelectrolytes/coagulation aidsMetals or Non-Metals:Silt, clay, turbidity (colloidal)Colloidal silica (insoluble)Silic
40、a gelation (due to high soluble silica and strong caustic)Manganese on cation resin with HCl regeneration causing oxidative attack bychlorineManganese on cation resin with hydrochloric acid (HCl) regeneration causingoxidative attack by chlorineIron, soluble or insoluble, influent (greater than 0.5 m
41、g/L per 24-h run)Iron, soluble, to 30 mg/L (no air)Corrosion products, iron, copper, etc., in cation water or regeneration dilution waterIron in caustic, above 10 mg/L (50 % sodium hydroxide basis)Sulfur precipitate, above 0.5 mg/L per 24-h runAluminum floc/aluminum precipitation (above 0.3 mg/L per
42、 24 h)Barium, strontium, calcium forming sulfate precipitateChlorine, ozone, oxidationChlorine, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, other oxidantsPhysical/Radiological:High operating water temperatureRadiation (less than 1 r/day)Osmotic regeneration shocksAir mixing in mixed beds/oxidation of cation resinsX1.
43、3 Physical/RadiologicalX1.3 WarningTreatments used on potable water production systems must meet all applicablesafety and health regulations.Possible Pretreatment or Method to Reduce FoulingCoagulation, lime softening, organic trapsActivated carbon, caustic/salt treatmentCoagulation, lime softening,
44、 ultra filterRinse new resins, sulfite/SO2 feedsPretreatment, coagulation, filterCoagulation and filter7 Celite is a trademark of Imerys Minerals California, Inc. in San Jose, CA.8 Solka-Floc is a trademark of Solvaira Specialties, Inc. in North Tonawanda, NY.D5217 174Better control of filter operat
45、ionBetter control of filter operation (add another filter)Chlorine/coagulation/filtrationActivated carbon, foam fractionationActivated carbonAdd filter to air blowers/compressorsWarm rinse or brine acid treatment, or bothWarm rinseRenew carbon, caustic-salt treatmentsPretreat/coagulation/caustic-sal
46、t treatmentsImprove underdrain collectorReduce dosage of aidsCoagulation/filtration pretreatmentCoagulation/filtrationReduce temperature, sodium hydroxide strength, step regenerationAeration/filtration, with or without coagulationAeration/coagulation/filtrationBrine regeneration with reducing agents
47、Use plastic materials, stainless steelEvaluate resin replacement versus sodium hydroxideAeration and filter, with or without coagulationHigh rate polishing filterLime softening pretreatmentActivated carbon, sulfite/SO2 feedEvaluate temperature reduction versus resin costEvaluate radiation versus res
48、in replacementReduce regenerant strengths, limit exchange capacityRestrict air mixing time to minimumHigh operating water temperatureRadiation (less than 1 r/day)Osmotic regeneration shocksAir mixing in mixed beds/oxidation of cation resinsX2. POSSIBLE PRETREATMENTS OR METHODS TO REDUCE FOULING OR D
49、EGRADATION OFION EXCHANGE RESINS6Coagulation, lime softening, organic trapsActivated carbon, caustic/salt treatmentCoagulation, lime softening, ultrafiltrationRinse new resinsPretreatment, coagulation, filterCoagulation and filterBetter control of filter operation, add another filterChlorine/coagulation/filtrationActivated carbon, foam fractionationActivated carbonAdd filter to air blowers/compressorsWarm rinse or brine acid treatment, or bothWarm rinseRenew carbon, caustic-salt treatmentsPretreat/coagulation/caustic-salt treatmentsImprove underdrain collectorReduce
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