1、Designation: D5240/D5240M 12 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control UsingSodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5240/D5240M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers test procedures for evaluatingthe
3、soundness of rock for erosion control by the effects of asodium or magnesium sulfate solution on slabs of rock. Thetest is an accelerated weathering test that simulates the freezingand thawing of cold weather exposure. The rock slabs, pre-pared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, areint
4、ended to be representative of erosion control sized materialsand their inherent weaknesses. The test is appropriate forbreakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rockmaterials.The limitations of this test are twofold. First the test is asimulation of freezing and thawing conditions. The
5、internalexpansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt uponre-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezingrelying on chemical crystal formation to simulate freezingrather than the actual freezing of water. Secondly the size of thecut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of th
6、e internaldefects present in the rock structure. The test specimens maynot be representative of the quality of the larger rock samplesused in construction. Careful examination of the rock sourceand proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and othe
7、r materials isbeyond the scope of this test method.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units presented in brackets are to be regarded sepa-rately as standard. The values stated in each system may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-pendently of
8、the other. Combining values from the two systemsmay result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.4.1 For purposes of comparing m
9、easured or calculatedvalue(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculatedvalue(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significantdigits in the specified limits.1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as theindustr
10、y standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toi
11、ncrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, a
12、ssociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofS
13、odium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates forConcreteD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements fo
14、r AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used fo
15、rErosion Control1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for ErosionControl.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approv
16、ed in 2012 as D5240/D5240M 12.DOI: 10.1520/D5240_D5240M-12R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
17、.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5121 Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for DurabilityTestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotech
18、nicalDataE100 Specification for ASTM HydrometersE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology D653 for general defini-tions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 rock saw, na saw capable of cutting rock. The term
19、“rock saw” shall include the blade which saws the rock, anycomponents that control or power the sawing process or both,and framework on which the blade and any other associatedcomponents are mounted.3.2.2 slab, na section of rock having two smooth, ap-proximately parallel faces, produced by two saw
20、cuts. Thethickness of the slab is generally less than the other dimensionsof the rock. The slab will be the rock specimen which willsubsequently undergo durability tests. The words “slab” and“specimen” are interchangeable throughout the test method.3.2.3 armor stone, nstone generally 900 to 2700 kg
21、oneto three tons resulting from blasting, cutting, or by othermethods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect theshoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves.3.2.4 breakwater stone, nstone generally 2700 to 18 000kg three to twenty tons resulting from blasting, cutting, or byothe
22、r methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protectthe shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves.3.2.5 riprap stone, nstone generally less than 1800 kgtwo tons specially selected and graded, when properly placedprevents erosion through minor wave action, or strong currentsand th
23、ereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, orunderlying structure.3.2.6 gabion-fill stone, nstone generally less than 22 kg50 lb and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable material.These baskets are then tied together to form an integralstructure designed to resist erosion along stream bank
24、s andaround bridge piers.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Erosion control rock samples are trimmed into saw-cutslab specimens. The trimmed slabs are oven dried to a constantmass. The specimens are repeatedly immersed in saturatedsolutions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate followed byoven drying. At
25、 the completion of the test, the percent loss bymass for each specimen set is determined. A visual examina-tion of the slabs is performed at the end of testing. The type ofdeterioration and changes to previously noted planes of weak-ness are recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 Rock for erosion contr
26、ol consists of individual pieces ofnatural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone toresist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stabilityof the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence,the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, andst
27、ream banks.5.2 The sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate soundness testis one method by which to estimate qualitatively the durabilityof rock under weathering conditions. This test method wasdeveloped to be used in conjunction with additional testmethods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does
28、 notprovide an absolute value, but rather an indication of theresistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of thistest method are not to be used as the sole basis for thedetermination of rock durability.5.3 This test method has been used to evaluate manydifferent types of rocks. There
29、have been occasions when testresults have provided data that have not agreed with thedurability of rock under actual field conditions; samplesyielding a low soundness loss have disintegrated in actualusage, and the reverse has been true.NOTE 1The quality of results produced by this standard is depen
30、denton the competence of the personnel performing it and suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned thatcompliance w
31、ith Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors and Practice D3740 provides ameans of evaluating some of them.6. Apparatus6.1 Rock SawA laboratory water-cooled diamond sawused to cut geological and concrete specimens, or a diamondsaw used for lap
32、idary purposes, shall be acceptable. A mini-mum blade diameter of 36 cm 14 in. will be needed to obtainthe required slab sizes (a larger blade is preferable). The bladeshall be a circular diamond blade.6.1.1 The rock saw apparatus shall have a fixed or remove-able vise to hold the samples during the
33、 cutting process. Anautomatic feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed oper-ated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, amanual feed is also acceptable. The saw shall have a platformto prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering.NOTE 2Coolants other than water may interfe
34、re with subsequenttesting or evaluation, or both.6.2 ContainersOf sufficient size to hold the specimensand baskets fully immersed in a sulfate solution. It is advisedthat these containers be sealable, non-reactive, resistant tobreakage and resistant to deformation and degradation whenexposed to the
35、chemicals and temperatures encountered in thistest method.6.3 BasketsBaskets for immersing the slab specimens inthe solution, in accordance with the procedure described in thistest method, shall be perforated in such a manner as to permitfree access of the solution to the specimen and drainage of th
36、esolution from the specimen without loss of material.NOTE 3Baskets made of suitable wire mesh or sieves with suitableopenings are satisfactory containers for the samples.6.4 Temperature RegulationSuitable means for regulatingthe temperature of the samples at 21 6 1C706 2 F duringimmersion in the sod
37、ium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solutionshall be provided.D5240/D5240M 12 (2013)26.5 BalancesThe balance shall meet the requirements ofSpecification D4753. A Class GP 10 balance of 5 g readabilityand accuracy is acceptable.6.6 Drying OvenThermostatically controlled oven meet-ing the requirements of
38、 Specification E145 and capable ofmaintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5 C 230 6 9 Fthroughout the drying chamber. These requirements typicallyrequire the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably the ovenshould be vented outside the building. The rate of evaporation,at this range of tempera
39、ture, shall be at least 25 g/h for 4 h,during which period the doors of the oven shall be kept closed.This rate shall be determined by the loss of water from 1-LGriffin low-form beakers, each initially containing 500 g 1 lbof water at a temperature of 21 6 2C706 3 F, placed ateach corner and the cen
40、ter of each shelf of the oven. Theevaporation requirement is to apply to all test locations whenthe oven is empty except for the beakers of water.6.7 Specific Gravity MeasurementHydrometers conform-ing to the requirements of Specification E100, or a suitablecombination of graduated glassware and bal
41、ance, capable ofmeasuring the solution specific gravity within 60.001.6.8 CameraA digital or film camera capable of producinggood quality, color photographs for “before” and “after”photographs.6.9 Photographic ScaleA scale of appropriate dimensionand division when compared to the field of view and t
42、he detailbeing studied. When selecting a scale, always choose the scalethat will provide at least as precise a measurement as thesystem that will be measuring the photographic information. Ifthe system has a precision to one millimeter, make sure thescale used is accurate and precise to at least one
43、 millimeteracross the entire scale.7. Special Solutions Required7.1 Prepare the solution for immersion of test samples fromeither sodium or magnesium sulfate in accordance with 7.1.1 or7.1.2 (Note 4). The volume of the solution shall be at least fivetimes the solid volume of all samples immersed at
44、any onetime.NOTE 4Some rock containing carbonates of calcium or magnesiumare attacked chemically by fresh sulfate solution, resulting in erroneouslyhigh measured losses. If this condition is encountered or is suspected,repeat the test using a filtered solution that has been used previously to testth
45、e same type of carbonate rock, provided that the solution meets therequirements of 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 for specific gravity.7.1.1 Sodium Sulfate SolutionPrepare a saturated solutionof sodium sulfate by dissolving a reagent grade of the salt inwater at a temperature of 25 to 30 C 77 to 86 F. Addsufficien
46、t salt (Note 5), of either the anhydrous (Na2SO4)orthecrystalline (Na2SO410H2O) form, to ensure not only satura-tion but also the presence of excess crystals when the solutionis ready for use in the tests. Thoroughly stir the mixture duringthe addition of the salt and stir the solution at frequent i
47、ntervalsuntil used. To reduce evaporation and prevent contamination,keep the solution covered at all times when access is notneeded. Allow the solution to cool to 21 6 1C706 2 F.Again stir, and allow the solution to remain at the designatedtemperature for at least 48 h before use. Prior to each use,
48、 breakup the salt cake, if any, in the container, stir the solutionthoroughly, and determine and record the specific gravity of thesolution.When used, the solution shall have a specific gravity of1.151 to 1.174. Discard a discolored solution, or filter it andcheck for specific gravity.NOTE 5For the
49、solution, 215 g of anhydrous salt or 700 g of thedecahydrate per litre of water are sufficient for saturation at 22 C 71.6F. However, since these salts are not completely stable and since it isdesirable that an excess of crystals be present, the use of not less than 350g of the anhydrous salt or 750 g of the decahydrate salt per litre of wateris recommended.7.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate SolutionPrepare a saturated so-lution of magnesium sulfate by dissolving a reagent grade ofthe salt in water at a temperature of 25 to 30 C
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