ASTM D5265-2003(2009) Standard Test Method for Bridge Impact Testing.pdf

1、Designation: D 5265 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forBridge Impact Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5265; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i

2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to determine the capabilityof a long package with a narrow cross-section to resist impactnear its center when the

3、package is supported only at its ends.This test method allows the user to select from two test options:Option A employs the use of a free-fall drop tester (see ExhibitB), and Option B employs the use of simulated mechanicalimpact testing equipment (SMITE; see Exhibit A). The twooptional procedures a

4、re designed to impart the same amount ofkinetic energy at impact; therefore, each procedure yields equaldamage-producing potential.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to addres

5、s all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 644 Test Metho

6、d for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE 122 Practice for Calc

7、ulating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms and definitions used in this testmethod may be found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 elongate packagea pac

8、kage that is long in propor-tion to width and thickness, with lengths at least three timestheir width or height.4. Significance and Use4.1 Materials shipped in long, narrow packages, withlengths at least three times their width or height, are liable todamage as a result of impact near their midpoint

9、 when only theends are supported. This type of damage can occur during theshipment of packaging of mixed dimensions. It is particularlyprevalent during conveyer line transport and sortation. This testmethod provides a means of determining resistance to suchdamage.5. Apparatus5.1 Option AFree-Fall Dr

10、op Tester, conforming to theconditions specified in 10.2.1 (see Fig. 1).5.1.1 Impactor, composed of a dense hardwood, with a massof 5.7 6 0.2 kgw(12.546 0.4 lb), length of approximately 610mm (24 in.), and width of 178 mm (7 in.). The depth can beadjusted to obtain the desired weight as stated above

11、. The longedges of the impactor shall be rounded to a radius of 6 6 2mm(14 6116 in.).NOTE 1If a lighter wood is used, the depth can be adjusted to achievethe correct mass.5.1.2 Support Blocks, made from hardwood, nominal 150by 150 mm (6 by 6 in.), long enough to support the full widthof the largest

12、package to be tested.5.2 Option BCommercial SMITE Tester, using a guidedimpactor and velocity meter to calculate the theoretical free-fall drop of the missile (see Fig. 2).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D

13、10.22 on Physical TestMethods.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 5265 032For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann

14、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2.1 SMITE Tester Impactor (missile), fabricated in aU-shape cross-section

15、 from a steel flat plate, with a mass of22.68 6 0.2 kgw(50 6 0.4 lb) and length of approximately 760mm (30 in.). The long edges of the missile shall be rounded toa radius of 6 6 2mm(14 6116 in.).NOTE 2The standard SMITE tester is equipped with a variety ofinterchangeable missiles, providing impact o

16、ptions ranging from flat drop,angle edge drop, half round, half ball, and corner. The total missileassembly, regardless of which face is used, will weigh 22.68 kg (50 lb).Knowing this, the mass of a SMITE tester is always 22.68 kg.5.2.2 Support Blocks, made from dense hardwood, nominal150 by 150 mm

17、(6 by 6 in.), long enough to support the fullwidth of the largest package to be tested.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. For large production runs, lot sampling forquality control in accordance wit

18、h Practice E 122 is advised.6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least threerepresentative specimens should be selected for performanceevaluation.7. Test Specimens7.1 When the protective capability of a package is to beevaluated, it is preferable to pack the package with the actualcontents fo

19、r which it was designed (Note 3). When thecapability of a box to withstand rough handling is to beevaluated, pack the container with either the actual contents ora load simulating the contents. Regardless of which procedureis used, close the container in the same manner that will beused in preparing

20、 it for shipment.NOTE 3Where the use of actual contents is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the contents withrespect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flowcharacteristics, etc. shall be used.7.2 When comparing the performance of var

21、ious elongatedpackage designs, it is preferable to test empty erected cartons,which are closed and sealed in the same manner that will beused in preparing it for shipment.7.3 Close and seal the container in the normal manner. Dryand age sufficiently so that any adhesive, protective coatings,sealing

22、tape, etc. will have reached their final normal condition.8. Conditioning8.1 Depending on the purpose of the tests, packages may beconditioned prior to the bridge impact test by either a differentphysical test, water immersion, exposure to water spray, orexposure to standard or other fixed condition

23、s of air tempera-ture or humidity.8.2 Unless otherwise specified, fiberboard packages shall beconditioned in accordance with Method D 685 or PracticeD 4332. Other packages shall be conditioned in accordancewith Practice D 4332.8.3 The moisture content of paperboard and fiberboardpackages should be d

24、etermined in accordance with TestMethod D 644.9. Acceptance Criteria9.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testingand should consider the required condition of the product uponFIG. 1 Vertical Drop TesterFIG. 2 Simulated Mechanical Impact Testing Equipment (SMITE)D 5265 03 (2009)2receip

25、t. The organizations conducting the test may choose anyacceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable tocompare the type and quantity of damage that occurred to thetest specimens with the damage that occurs during actualdistribution and handling, or with the test results of similarc

26、ontainers whose shipping history is known.9.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria can be one of thefollowing:(1) Criterion 1Package is intact and product is damagefree; or(2) Criterion 2Product is damage free and packageabused.This often means that the shipping container and its contentsare suita

27、ble for normal sale and use at completion of the testcycle. Detailed acceptance criteria may allow for acceptingspecified damage to a product or package. The form andcontent of acceptance criteria may vary widely, according tothe particular situation. Methods may range from simplepass-fail judgments

28、 to highly quantitative scoring or analysissystems.10. Procedure10.1 Determination of Acceptance CriteriaRelate accep-tance criteria to the desired condition of the product andpackage at the end of the distribution cycle (see Section 9).10.2 Option A: Free-Fall Drop TesterPlace the packageto be test

29、ed on the floor of the drop test apparatus, with itresting on support blocks. The support blocks should be placedparallel to each other and perpendicular to the long axis of thepackage, so that each end of the package is supported for 127mm (5 in.) of its length, measured from each end (see Fig. 3).

30、If the distance between the blocks is less than 178 mm (7 in.),adjust the supports to allow enough room for the impactor topass between them.10.2.1 Position the impactor on the drop table or sling itsuitably so that the following conditions are met:(1) The impactors length will be at right angles to

31、 the testpackage length upon contact;(2) The impactor shall strike the package so that the178-mm (7-in.) impacting surface makes no more than a2-degree angle from horizontal, and the plane containing thisedge and the center of gravity of the impactor makes no morethan a 5-degree angle with the verti

32、cal;(3) The bottom surface of the impactor is the required dropheight above the upper surface of the package being tested; and(4) The midpoint of the bottom edge of the impactor strikesthe midpoint of the impacted face of the package being tested.10.2.2 Drop the impactor from a free-fall drop height

33、sufficient to produce a specified impact velocity. Use an impactvelocity of 2.4 m/s (96.26 in./s).10.2.3 Obtain the impact velocity of 2.4 m/s (96.26 in./s)from a free-fall drop height of 305 mm (12 in.). Due to energyconservation, the potential energy before drop is equal to thekinetic energy at im

34、pact. The kinetic energy at impact will be1.74 kgw/m (12.5 ft-lb). Equate an impact velocity to a free-falldrop height, or vice versa, as follows:h 5 Vi2/2 g solving for free2fall drop height! (1)Vi5 =2 gh solving for impact velocity!where:h = free-fall drop height, m (in.),Vi= measured impact veloc

35、ity, m/s (in./s), andg = acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s (386 in./s).10.3 Option B: Simulated Mechanical Impact TestingEquipment (SMITE)Place the package to be tested on thetable of the SMITE test apparatus, with it resting on supportblocks. The support blocks should be placed parallel to eacho

36、ther and perpendicular to the long axis of the package, so thateach end of the package is supported for 127 mm (5 in.) of itslength, measured from each end (see Fig. 3). If the distancebetween the blocks is less than 178 mm (7 in.), adjust thesupports to allow enough room for the impactor to passbet

37、ween them.10.3.1 Position the impactor on the SMITE tester so that thefollowing conditions are met:(1) The impactor will strike the package with a long edge, atright angles to the length of the package being tested;(2) The impactor shall strike the package so that theimpacting surface makes no more

38、than a 2-degree angle fromhorizontal, and the plane containing this surface and the centerof gravity of the impactor makes no more than a 5-degree anglewith the vertical;(3) The bottom surface of the impactor is the required dropheight above the upper surface of the package being tested; and(4) The

39、midpoint of the bottom edge of the impactor strikesthe midpoint of the impacted face of the package being tested.10.3.2 Drop the impactor from a machine drop heightsufficient to generate a specific impact velocity. If no impactvelocity is specified, use an impact velocity of 1.2 m/s (48.13in./s). Pr

40、e-test drops must be conducted until the test machineindicates the desired impact velocity.NOTE 4Different machines will have different frictions in their guidemechanisms. Impact velocity is therefore measured with the velocitysensor. Determine the required impact velocity based on the followingrela

41、tionship:v 5 =2 gh(2)10.3.3 This impact velocity of 1.223 m/s (48.13 in./s) wouldtheoretically be obtained from a free-fall drop height of 76 mm(3 in.); however, due to guide mechanism friction, test ma-chines will require higher machine drop heights sufficient toproduce the desired impact velocity.

42、 The kinetic energy atimpact will be 1.74 kgw/m (12.5 ft-lb).FIG. 3 Test Specimen Set UpD 5265 03 (2009)311. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Specification of the test method option used: eitherOption A, free-fall drop; or Option B, simulated mechanicalimpact test equipment (SMITE)

43、.11.1.2 Dimension of the package under testing; completestructural specifications; kinds of materials; description andspecifications for blocking and cushioning, if used; spacing,size, and type of fasteners; method of closing and strapping, ifany; and tare and gross masses.11.1.3 Description of the

44、contents of the container undertesting and, if not tested with the actual contents intended to beshipped, description of these actual contents.11.1.4 Method of conditioning the container, if any; mois-ture content of the wood, plywood, or fiberboard, if deter-mined; and results of any supplementary

45、tests of the materialsfrom which the container is made.11.1.5 Mass of the impactor.11.1.6 Drop height.11.1.7 Kinetic energy (KEi) at impact (see 10.2.3 and10.3.3).11.1.8 Number of specimens tested per sample.11.1.9 Detailed record of testing on each package, includingdamage to the package and conten

46、ts, together with any otherobservation that may assist in interpreting the results correctlyor aid in improving the design of the package or the method ofpacking, blocking, or bracing.11.1.10 Statement to the effect that all tests were conductedin full compliance with the requirements of this practi

47、ce, ornoting any variations and their details.11.1.11 Name and address of the testing agency, date, andsignature of a responsible representative of the testing agency.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No statement is made concerning either the precisionor the bias of this test method. The result merely rev

48、ealswhether there is performance to the criteria for successspecified in the procedure.13. Keywords13.1 bridge impact; drop test; free-fall; packaging; SMITEtesterASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this s

49、tandard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful conside