1、Designation: D 5277 92 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Method forPerforming Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using anInclined Impact Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducingand comparing shock damage, such as th
3、at which may resultfrom rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using anincline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types ofshock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail carswith standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draftgear or cushioned underfra
4、mes. The test method can also beused for pallet marshalling tests.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardsstatements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 664 Test Method forAcid
6、Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4169 Practice f
7、or Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process3. Terminolog
8、y3.1 DefinitionsGeneral terms and definitions used in thistest method may be found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 programming materiala resilient elastomer withcharacteristics suitable to control the shock pulse generated, orany other suitable means of
9、control.3.2.2 velocity changethe sum of the velocity at impactand the rebound velocity.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is for use in evaluating the capability ofa container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks andcrushing forces, such as those generated from rail switchingimpact
10、s or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of acontainer and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protectits contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forcesresulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts.This test method may also be used to compare the performanceo
11、f different container designs or shipping systems. The testmay also permit observation of the progressive failure of acontainer or shipping system and damage to the contents. SeePractice D 4169 for additional guidance.4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impactresulting from the swit
12、ching of rail cars using long-travel draftgear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D 4003(revised) as a more suitable method for testing under thesecircumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs isrequired.5. Apparatus5.1 Inclined Impact Test Equipment, conforming to thefollowing
13、requirements:5.1.1 The incline track, backstop, and carriage shall con-form to the requirements of Method D 880, except that thebackstop need not have a solid steel plate surface or a solidintegral mass at least 50 times the mass of the test specimen.5.1.1.1 No removable hazard shall be fitted.1This
14、 test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Handling andTransportation.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1992. Published October 1992.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontac
15、t ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.1.2 In lieu of steel
16、 wheels, wheels of polyoxymethylene(Delrin) plastic may be used in order to reduce noise andimprove shock pulse recording.5.1.2 Aprogramming material or device is required to shapeand control the shock pulse seen by the test specimen(s). Thismaterial or device may be fastened to either the backstop
17、or theimpacting face of the bulkhead. Any material or device may beused, provided that is yields a repeatable, controllable test.Package cushionings of suitable elasticity have been found tobe satisfactory.5.1.3 The carriage shall be fitted with a bulkhead at a90-degree 6 30 min (90 612-degree) angl
18、e to the top surfaceof the carriage. The bulkhead shall be fitted so that, uponrelease, either the bulkhead impacts first on the programmingmaterial, or the carriage and bulkhead impact on the program-ming material at the same time. The bulkhead shall be attachedsecurely to the carriage and shall be
19、 sufficiently rigid towithstand impact shocks without significant distortion.5.1.4 When specified, a backload suitable to reproduce thecrushing forces from other products impacting the test unitshall be provided. This will necessitate sufficient carriage andbulkhead strength, as well as rigidity in
20、the backstop, towithstand the additional forces generated without significantdistortion. The face of this backload that contacts the testspecimen shall replicate a backload of the same product indimension, area of contact, and resilience.5.1.5 To prevent secondary impacts, the test apparatus shallbe
21、 fitted with a means of arresting the motion of the carriageafter the primary impact.5.1.6 Instrumentation shall be provided to determine thevelocity at impact and the rebound velocity to an accuracy of6 5 %. Additional instrumentation shall be provided to recordthe shock pulse shape, magnitude, and
22、 duration. The shockrecording instrumentation shall have a frequency response atleast 20 times the frequency being recorded, a cross-axissensitivity maximum of 5 % of full scale, and an accuracy of 62 % of the actual values as measured.5.1.6.1 Instrumentation sensors shall be placed on the out-side
23、of the carriage bulkhead within 6 in. (150 mm), measuredperpendicularly to the programming material.5.1.6.2 Optional instrumentation may include optical ormechanical timing devices for measuring the carriage impactand rebound velocities for determining the total velocitychange. If used, this system
24、shall have a response for eachvelocity measurement accurate to within 6 2.5 % of the actualvalue.5.1.7 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided for conditioning test specimens at the proper humid-ity and temperature prior to testing, in accordance with thespecification covering the
25、 containers or shipping systems to betested.5.1.7.1 ConditioningDepending on the purpose of thetests, containers may be conditioned prior to the programmedimpact test by either a different physical test, water immersion,exposure to water spray, or exposure to standard or other fixedconditions of air
26、 temperature or humidity. It is recommendedthat special atmospheres for conditioning be selected fromthose given in Practice D 4332. Unless otherwise specified,fiberboard or paperboard containers shall be conditioned inaccordance with the preconditioning and standard conditioningatmospheres specifie
27、d in Practice D 4332 (see also PracticeD 4169 for additional guidance).5.1.7.2 Where the moisture content of fiberboard containersis determined, it should be determined in accordance withMethod D 644.6. Hazards6.1 This test method may produce severe mechanical re-sponses in the test specimen and app
28、aratus. Operating person-nel must therefore remain alert to potential hazards and takenecessary safety precautions. The test area should be clearedprior to each impact. The testing of hazardous materials orproducts may require special precautions that must be ob-served. Safety equipment may be requi
29、red, and its use must beunderstood before starting the test.7. Sampling7.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. Practice E 122 is recommended.7.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least threerepresentative spe
30、cimens should be selected for performanceevaluation.8. Test Specimens8.1 When the protective capability of a container or ship-ping system is to be evaluated, it is preferable to pack thecontainer with the actual contents for which it was designed(Note 1). When the integrity of a container or shippi
31、ng systemis to be evaluated, pack the container or shipping system witheither the actual contents or a load simulating the contents.Regardless of which procedure is used, close the container orshipping system in the same manner that will be used inpreparing it for shipment.NOTE 1Where the use of act
32、ual contents is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the contents withrespect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flowcharacteristics, etc. may be used.9. Procedure9.1 Prior to initiating the test, write a test plan that includesthe follo
33、wing information.9.1.1 State the number of impacts the test unit will receive(Note 2).NOTE 2The number of impacts to which a product will be subjectedin transit may range from 1 to more than 15. The velocity changes mayrange from 1 to 10 mph (1.6 to 16.1 kph). The duration of the impactshocks is dep
34、endent on both the draft gear of the rail cars used to transportthe product and the draft gear of impacting or impacted rail cars. Forstandard draft gears, this will range from 30 to 50 milliseconds. Theacceleration levels observed are normally a function of the velocitychange and pulse duration. Th
35、e accelerations corresponding to the abovedurations are in the range of 15 g (147 m/s2). Because rail car switchingimpacts may occur many times during a shipment, it is recommended thata test consist of a number of lower level impacts or an incremental seriesof increasing impact magnitude, rather th
36、an a single large magnitudeimpact. This type of testing also provides better information by bracketingthe failure between two impact levels.D 5277 92 (2002)29.1.2 State the velocity change for each impact.9.1.3 State the pulse duration of the impact shock.9.1.4 State the mass, configuration, and fri
37、ction character-istics of the backload, if used (Note 3).NOTE 3The backload weight/friction requirement is not well defineddue to insufficient environmental measurement of lading force levels.Through preliminary testing, backload pressures ranging from 0.3 to 1.0psi (2 to 7 kPa) on the container imp
38、acting surface have created damagelevels normally observed in the distribution environment. These pressuresare based on a coefficient of friction of 0.5. See Appendix X1 foradditional information.9.1.5 State whether conditioning is required and the condi-tioning to be used, if any, including the pre
39、conditioning andconditioning atmosphere required.9.1.6 Use a suitable test procedure for pallet marshallingimpact tests; one is set out in Method D 4003.9.2 After the test parameters have been established, placedummy weights equivalent to the test unit specimen on thecarriage at the center position
40、of the specimen mountingsurface, with the face or edge that is to receive the impactpositioned firmly against the upright bulkhead. Use a duplicatespecimen, if available. Then backload the dummy weight withthe backload weights, where specified, to represent the back-load conditions specified in the
41、test plan. Impact the carriagefrom various pullback distances into the selected programmerto achieve the desired velocity changes (impact plus reboundvelocity). Record these pullback distances.NOTE 4The type of programmer material or device used shall beselected on the basis of the shock pulse, wave
42、form, and duration desired.9.2.1 This pretesting is not required if the testing parametersare known from previous experience.9.3 Replace the dummy load with the test specimen andplace it on the center of the carriage, with the face or edge thatis to receive the impact positioned firmly against the u
43、prightbulkhead. Backload the test specimen with additional productor the dummy weight.9.4 Test the containers that have been conditioned in theconditioned atmosphere or immediately upon removal fromthat atmosphere.9.5 Pull the carriage back the distance necessary to achievethe desired velocity chang
44、e (impact plus rebound velocity) fora single impact. Measure to determine both the velocity changeof the carriage and the acceleration time profile of the carriagebulkhead.9.6 The packaging, shipping system, and product may beinspected for damage after each impact.9.7 Subject the test unit to the nu
45、mber of impacts, and atvelocity changes, specified in the test plan, or until failureoccurs. Each axis of concern can be evaluated as specified in9.2 through 9.7.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Reference to this test method, noting any deviationsfrom the test method.10.1.2 Dim
46、ensions of the container or shipping systemunder testing; complete structural specifications; kinds ofmaterials; description and specifications for blocking andcushioning, if used; spacing, size, and kind of fasteners;method of closing and strapping, if any; and tare and grossmasses.10.1.3 Descripti
47、on of the contents of the container orshipping system under testing and, if not tested with the actualcontents intended to be shipped, description of these actualcontents.10.1.4 Number of specimens tested per sample.10.1.5 Method of conditioning the container, if any.10.1.6 Description of apparatus,
48、 backload, and special in-strumentation, including whether the wheels were made fromsteel or Delrin. Where other values for F than those recom-mended in Appendix X1 are used, state of the value.10.1.7 Pullback distance used for each test.10.1.8 Measured velocity change, velocity at impact, shockpuls
49、e amplitude, duration, and waveform of each test.10.1.9 Detailed record of the test results for each containeror shipping system, including damage to the container orshipping system and contents, together with any other obser-vation that may assist in interpreting the results correctly or aidin improving the design of the container or shipping system orthe method of packaging, blocking, or bracing.10.1.10 Statement to the effect that all tests were conductedin full compliance with the requirements of this test method, ornoting any variations and their details.10.1.11 Name and
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