1、Designation: D531204D5312/D5312M12 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions 1 ThisstandardisissuedunderthexeddesignationD5312;D5312/D5312M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicates the year of original adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope* 1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluating the durability of rock
3、 for erosion control when exposed to freezing and thawing conditions.conditions on slabs of rock. This weathering test exposes the rock to freezing and thawing cycles similar to natural weather conditions. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be r
4、epresentative of erosion control rock and its weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap, and gabion sized rock materials. The limitations of the test are twofold. First the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in t
5、he rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction.Carefulexaminationoftherocksourceandpropersamplingareessentialinminimizingthislimitation.Secondlythe testrequirestherockslabstobeexposedtoupto55freezing-thawingcycles.Thetes
6、tistimeintensiveandmayrequireuptotwo or more months to complete the sample preparation, testing, and analysis portions of the procedure. 1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials is beyond the scope of this test method. 1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units pr
7、esented in brackets are to be regarded separately as the standard. The SI units given in parenthesis are for information only.values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result i
8、n non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 AllobservedandcalculatedvaluesshallconformtotheguidelinesforsignicantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard. 1.4.1 Forpurposesofcomparingmeasuredorcalculatedvalue(s)withspeciedlimits,themeasuredorcalculatedvalue(s)sha
9、ll be rounded to the nearest decimal or signicant digits in the specied limits. 1.4.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/recordedorcalculated,inthisstandardareregardedastheindustry standard.Inaddition,theyarerepresentativeofthesignicantdigitsthatgenerallyshouldberetained.Theproceduresused
10、donot considermaterialvariation,purposeforobtainingthedata,specialpurposestudies,oranyconsiderationsfortheusersobjectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce signicant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consid
11、er signicant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine t
12、he applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass D3740Practice for Minimum Requiremen
13、ts for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion Control. Current editio
14、n approved Jan. 1, 2004July 1, 2012. Published February 2004November 2012. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 19972004 as D531292 (1997).D531204. DOI: 10.1520/D5312-04.10.1520/D5312_D5312M-12. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCust
15、omerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previou
16、s version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. *ASummary of Chan
17、ges section appears at the end of this standard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testi
18、ng D4992Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control D5121Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing D6026Practice for Using Signicant Digits in Geotechnical Data E145Specication for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens 3. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsFor
19、denitions of terms used in this guide, see See Terminology D653. for general denitions. 3.2 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 rock saw, na saw capable of cutting rock. The term rock saw shall include the blade which saws the rock, any components that control or power the sawing proce
20、ss or both, and framework on which the blade and any other associated components are mounted. 3.2.2 slab, na section of rock having two smooth, approximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts. The thickness of the slab is generally less than the other dimensions of the rock. The slab will be
21、the specimen of a rock which will subsequently undergo durability tests. The words slab and specimen are interchangeable throughout the test method. 3.2.3 armor stone, nstone generally 900 to 2,700 kg one to three tons resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods placed along shorelines or
22、in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves. 3.2.4 breakwaterstone,nstonegenerally2,700to18,000kgthreetotwentytonsresultingfromblasting,cutting,orbyother methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of lar
23、ge waves. 3.2.5 riprap stone, nstone generally less than 1,800 kg two tons specially selected and graded, when properly placed prevents erosion through minor wave action, or strong currents and thereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure. 3.2.6 gabion-llstone,nstonegener
24、allylessthan22kg50lbandplacedinbasketsofwireorothersuitablematerial.These baskets are then tied together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge piers. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 Erosion control rock samples are trimmed into saw-cut slab speci
25、mens. Each slab is structurally examined macroscopically and under 20 magnication. The specimens are exposed to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles. The trimmed slabs are initially immersed in an alcohol/water solution for a minimum of 12 h. The slabs are then frozen for a minimum of 12 h then thawed f
26、or 8 to 12 h.At the completion of the test, the percent loss by mass for each specimen set is determined.Avisual examination of the slabs is performed throughout and at the end of testing. The type of deterioration and changes to previously noted planes of weakness are recorded. 5. Signicance and Us
27、e 5.1 Rock used for erosion control may consist of several types, depending on potential use. One type may be armor stone weighing from one to three tons or breakwater stone weighing three to twenty tons placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of
28、 large waves. Another type may be riprap usually weighing less than one ton and placed along river banks or on the slopes of dams to prevent erosion due to run-off, wave action, or stream-ow.Athird type may be gabion-ll weighing less than 50 lb (22 kg) and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable
29、 materials. These baskets are then tied together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge piers. No matter what form it takes, rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone.The ability of these individual pieces of stone
30、to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and streambanks.stream banks. 5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of freezing
31、and thawing action on the individual pieces of rock for erosion control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value but rather an i
32、ndication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability. NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependantdependent upon the competence of the personnel performi
33、ng it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetestingandsampling.testing/sampling/inspection/etc.UsersofthisstandardarecautionedthatcompliancewithPracticeD3740doesnotinitse
34、lf assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors. 6. Apparatus 6.1 Circular Diamond Saw, Rock Saw 14-in. (350-mm) diameter, capable of sawing rock, of the type required for PracticeA laboratory diamond saw used t
35、o cut geological and concrete specimens, or a diamond saw used for lapidary purposes, shall be D5312/D5312M 12 2acceptable. A minimum blade diameter of 36 cm 14 in. will be needed to obtain the required slab sizes D5121.(a larger one is preferable). The blade shall be a circular diamond blade. 6.1.1
36、 Therocksawapparatusshallhaveaxedorremovablevisetoholdthesamplesduringthecuttingprocess.Anautomatic feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed operated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, a manual feed is also acceptable. The saw shall have a platform to prevent the cut slab
37、from falling and shattering. 6.2 Freeze-ThawChamberorHomeFreezer:FreezerAtimer-controlledfreeze-thawchamberspecicallydesignedfortimed cycling of 16 h of freezing at -18 6 2.5 C 0 6 5 F followed by a minimum of 8 h of thawing at 32 6 2.5 C 90 6 5 F on a daily basis is the most desirable option. This
38、type of apparatus is commercially available and allows for the completion of one freeze-thaw cycle every day including weekends and holidays. 6.2.1 A timer-controlled freeze-thaw chamber specically designed for timed cycling of 16 h of freezing at 0 6 5F (-18 6 2.5C) followed by a minimum of 8 h of
39、thawing at 90 6 5F (32 6 2.5C) on a daily basis is the most desirable option. This type of apparatus can be obtained commercially and allows for the completion of one freeze-thaw cycle every dayIf a freeze-thaw chamber is not available, a standard chest-type home freezer capable of reaching and main
40、taining the required temperature range in accordance with 6.2 including weekends and holidays.may be used. 6.2.2 If a freeze-thaw chamber is not available, a standard chest-type home freezer capable of reaching the minimum temperatures in accordance with 5.2.1 may be used. The limitations associated
41、 with this option are related to the fact that the freeze-thaw cycling must be accomplished manually. The freezing portion of the cycle will begin when the test specimens are manually placed in the freezer at the end of the workday. The test specimens must be removed at the beginning of the workday
42、to begin the thawing portion of the cycle. In addition, Typically only four cycles of freezing and thawing may be accomplished during a normal work week since the 16 h of freezing may be accomplished only on the rst through the fourth nights of the workweek (the fth night of the workweek would go in
43、to the weekend). Thawing will then take place from Friday morning to Monday evening. This thawing cycle will not require the use of an oven.week. 6.3 Oven, Thawing Oven(ifoption5.2.26.2.1isused),capableofholdingtheused)Thermostaticallycontrolledovenmeeting the requirements of Specication E145 test s
44、pecimen and its container andand capable of maintaining a constant temperature of 906 5F (326 2.5C) required for the three thawing cycles during the workweek.326 2.5 C 906 5 F. Preferably the oven should be vented outside the building. 6.4 Oven, Drying OvenThermostatically controlled oven meeting th
45、e requirements of Specication E145 and capable of drying the specimen to a constant mass at a temperature of 2306 9F (1106 5C).maintaining a uniform temperature of 1106 5 C 230 6 9 F throughout the drying chamber. These requirements typically require the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably t
46、he oven should be vented outside the building. 6.4.1 A single oven may be used in lieu of the thawing and drying ovens if it meets the requirements of both 6.3 and 6.4. 6.5 Containers, ContainersOf sufficient size to hold the specimens partially immersed in an alcohol/water solution, These container
47、s may be stainless steel or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and may be obtained from a restaurant supply company.solution. It is advised that these containers be non-reactive, resistant to breakage and resistant to deformation and degradation when exposed to temperatures encountered in this test method. 6.
48、6 Absorptive Pads6-mm 1 4 in. thick felt pads, blotters, synthetic ber carpeting or similar absorptive material for placing between specimens and the container bottom. 6.7 Balance, BalanceA balance capable of determining the mass of the specimen to the nearest 0.1% of the total mass in accordance wi
49、th meeting the requirements of Specication D4753. 6.8 Camera, CameraA digital or lm camera capable of producing good quality, color photographs for before and afterand after photographs. 6.9 Stereomicroscope, StereomicroscopeA microscope or other suitable magnifying device, capable of at least 20 magnication for examination of the specimen prior to and after testing. Ideally, a camera body could be mounted to the stereomicroscope,allowingtheusertodocumentthesmall-scalebeddingorpot
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