1、Designation: D5312/D5312M12D5312/D5312M12 (Reapproved 2013) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation D5312/D5312M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope* 1.1 This test method covers the procedures for
3、 evaluating the durability of rock for erosion control when exposed to freezing and thawing conditions on slabs of rock. This weathering test exposes the rock to freezing and thawing cycles similar to natural weather conditions. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D512
4、1, are intended to be representative oferosioncontrolrockanditsweaknesses.Thetestisappropriateforbreakwaterstone,armorstone,riprap,andgabionsizedrock materials. The limitations of the test are twofold. First the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present i
5、n the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction.Carefulexaminationoftherocksourceandpropersamplingareessentialinminimizingthislimitation.Secondlythe testrequirestherockslabstobeexposedtoupto55freezing-thawingcycles.The
6、testistimeintensiveandmayrequireuptotwo or more months to complete the sample preparation, testing, and analysis portions of the procedure. 1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials is beyond the scope of this test method. 1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
7、 presented in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 Allobservedandc
8、alculatedvaluesshallconformtotheguidelinesforsignicantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard. 1.4.1 Forpurposesofcomparingmeasuredorcalculatedvalue(s)withspeciedlimits,themeasuredorcalculatedvalue(s)shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or signicant digits
9、 in the specied limits. 1.4.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/recordedorcalculated,inthisstandardareregardedastheindustry standard.Inaddition,theyarerepresentativeofthesignicantdigitsthatgenerallyshouldberetained.Theproceduresuseddonot considermaterialvariation,purposeforobtainingtheda
10、ta,specialpurposestudies,oranyconsiderationsfortheusersobjectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce signicant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider signicant digits used in analytical methods for engin
11、eering design. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
12、 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of
13、Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the dire
14、ct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion Control. Current edition approved July 1, 2012Jan. 15, 2013. Published November 2012February 2013. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20042012 as D531204.D5312/D5312M12. DOI: 10.1520/D5312_D5312M-12.10.1520/D531
15、2_D5312M-12R13. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to
16、provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of
17、 the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. *ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1D4992Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be
18、 Used for Erosion Control D5121Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing D6026Practice for Using Signicant Digits in Geotechnical Data E145Specication for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens 3. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsSee Terminology D653 for general denitions. 3.2 D
19、enitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 rock saw, na saw capable of cutting rock. The term rock saw shall include the blade which saws the rock, any components that control or power the sawing process or both, and framework on which the blade and any other associated components are mounted.
20、 3.2.2 slab, na section of rock having two smooth, approximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts. The thickness of the slab is generally less than the other dimensions of the rock. The slab will be the specimen of a rock which will subsequently undergo durability tests. The words slab and s
21、pecimen are interchangeable throughout the test method. 3.2.3 armor stone, nstone generally 900 to 2,700 kg one to three tons resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves. 3.2.4 brea
22、kwaterstone,nstonegenerally2,700to18,000kgthreetotwentytonsresultingfromblasting,cutting,orbyother methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves. 3.2.5 riprap stone, nstone generally less than 1,800 kg two tons specially selected
23、 and graded, when properly placed prevents erosion through minor wave action, or strong currents and thereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure. 3.2.6 gabion-llstone,nstonegenerallylessthan22kg50lbandplacedinbasketsofwireorothersuitablematerial.These baskets are then ti
24、ed together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge piers. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 Erosion control rock samples are trimmed into saw-cut slab specimens. Each slab is structurally examined macroscopically and under 20 magnication. The specim
25、ens are exposed to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles. The trimmed slabs are initially immersed in an alcohol/water solution for a minimum of 12 h. The slabs are then frozen for a minimum of 12 h then thawed for 8 to 12 h.At the completion of the test, the percent loss by mass for each specimen set is
26、 determined.Avisual examination of the slabs is performed throughout and at the end of testing. The type of deterioration and changes to previously noted planes of weakness are recorded. 5. Signicance and Use 5.1 Rockforerosioncontrolconsistsofindividualpiecesofnaturalstone.Theabilityoftheseindividu
27、alpiecesofstonetoresist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks. 5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of freezin
28、g and thawing action on the individual pieces of rock for erosion control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value but rather an
29、 indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability. NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it,
30、and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc.UsersofthisstandardarecautionedthatcompliancewithPracticeD3740doesnotinitselfassurereliableresults.R
31、eliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors. 6. Apparatus 6.1 Rock SawAlaboratory diamond saw used to cut geological and concrete specimens, or a diamond saw used for lapidary purposes,shallbeacceptable.Aminimumbladediameterof36cm14in.w
32、illbeneededtoobtaintherequiredslabsizes(alarger one is preferable). The blade shall be a circular diamond blade. 6.1.1 Therocksawapparatusshallhaveaxedorremovablevisetoholdthesamplesduringthecuttingprocess.Anautomatic feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed operated) that controls the cutting
33、action is preferred; however, a manual feed is also acceptable. The saw shall have a platform to prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering. 6.2 Freeze-Thaw Chamber or Home FreezerAtimer-controlled freeze-thaw chamber specically designed for timed cycling of 16 h of freezing at -186 2.5 C 06 5
34、 F followed by a minimum of 8 h of thawing at 326 2.5 C 906 5 F on a daily basis is the most desirable option. This type of apparatus is commercially available and allows for the completion of one freeze-thaw cycle every day including weekends and holidays. D5312/D5312M 12 (2013) 26.2.1 If a freeze-
35、thaw chamber is not available, a standard chest-type home freezer capable of reaching and maintaining the required temperature range in accordance with 6.2 may be used. 6.2.2 The limitations associated with this option are related to the fact that the freeze-thaw cycling must be accomplished manuall
36、y. Typically only four cycles of freezing and thawing may be accomplished during a normal work week. 6.3 Thawing Oven (if option 6.2.1 is used)Thermostatically controlled oven meeting the requirements of Specication E145 and capable of maintaining a constant temperature of 326 2.5 C 906 5 F. Prefera
37、bly the oven should be vented outside the building. 6.4 DryingOvenThermostaticallycontrolledovenmeetingtherequirementsofSpecicationE145andcapableofmaintaining a uniform temperature of 1106 5 C 2306 9 F throughout the drying chamber. These requirements typically require the use of a forced-draft type
38、 oven. Preferably the oven should be vented outside the building. 6.4.1 A single oven may be used in lieu of the thawing and drying ovens if it meets the requirements of both 6.3 and 6.4. 6.5 ContainersOfsufficientsizetoholdthespecimenspartiallyimmersedinanalcohol/watersolution.Itisadvisedthatthese
39、containers be non-reactive, resistant to breakage and resistant to deformation and degradation when exposed to temperatures encountered in this test method. 6.6 Absorptive Pads6-mm 1 4 in. thick felt pads, blotters, synthetic ber carpeting or similar absorptive material for placing between specimens
40、 and the container bottom. 6.7 BalanceA balance capable of determining the mass of the specimen to the nearest 0.1% of the total mass meeting the requirements of Specication D4753. 6.8 CameraA digital or lm camera capable of producing good quality, color photographs for before and after photographs.
41、 6.9 StereomicroscopeAmicroscopeorothersuitablemagnifyingdevice,capableofatleast20magnicationforexamination of the specimen prior to and after testing. Ideally, a camera body could be mounted to the stereomicroscope, allowing the user to document the small-scale bedding or potential planes of weakne
42、ss within the test specimen. 6.10 Photographic ScaleA scale of appropriate dimension and division when compared to the eld of view and the detail being studied. When selecting a scale, always choose the scale that will provide at least as precise a measurement as the system that will be measuring th
43、e photographic information. If the system has a precision to one millimeter, make sure the scale used is accurate and precise to at least one millimeter across the entire scale. 7. Special Solutions 7.1 The special solution required for this test method consists of a 0.5% isopropyl alcohol/water sol
44、ution. This solution may be mixed and stored ahead of time. It will be used to replenish the solution as the test proceeds. Commercially available isopropyl alcohol as opposed to reagent grade is suitable. NOTE 2The 0.5% isopropyl alcohol contained in the special solution is to lower the viscosity o
45、f water, allowing for more thorough penetration of the water into the test specimens micro-pores prior to freezing. 8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units 8.1 A source of rock to be sampled shall be guided by the principles in Practice D4992. 8.2 Rocksourcesmaybefrommine,quarry,outcrop,oreldbou
46、lders.Visualobservationofcolor,texture,mineralogy,orsome other feature, will be the key to proper representative sampling. 8.2.1 Arock source that is macroscopically uniform shall be represented by a minimum of ve pieces of the material obtained from separate locations within the source area. This g
47、roup is considered as a specimen set. 8.2.2 A rock source that is macroscopically non-uniform shall be represented by a minimum of eight pieces of the material obtained from separate locations within the source area. This group is considered as a specimen set. 8.2.3 Sample the rock types in their ap
48、proximate proportion to the types that occur at the source. 8.3 Planesofweaknesswillbeincludedineachsamplesuchthatadeterminationmaybemadeastothedurabilityofthevarious planes of weakness and their effect on the overall durability of a rock mass that would contain these planes of weakness. 8.4 Each ro
49、ck sample shall be of sufficient size to provide the nished size specimens described in Section 9. 8.5 In all cases, the rock pieces selected for the sample shall be chosen to be representative of the majority of the rock at the source.Rockpieces,asdeterminedbytheirmacroscopicproperties,whichcompriselessthan5percentofthesourcematerial,may be ignored unless their presence in a sample will signicantly affect the test results and subsequent proposed use of the rock. 8.6 Each piece will be of
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