1、Designation: D 5312 04Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control UnderFreezing and Thawing Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5312; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluatingthe durability of rock for erosion con
3、trol when exposed tofreezing and thawing conditions.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parenthesis are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t
4、heresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2216 Test Method for L
5、aboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balan
6、ces and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to Be Used forErosion ControlD 5121 Practice for the Preparation of Rock Slabs forDurability TestingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Calculatingand Reporting Geotechnical Test
7、 Data3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, see Termi-nology D 653.4. Significance and Use4.1 Rock used for erosion control may consist of severaltypes, depending on potential use. One type may be armorstone weighing from one to three tons or breakwater stoneweighing three to
8、 twenty tons placed along shorelines or injetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action oflarge waves. Another type may be riprap usually weighing lessthan one ton and placed along river banks or on the slopes ofdams to prevent erosion due to run-off, wave action, orstream-flow. A
9、third type may be gabion-fill weighing less than50 lb (22 kg) and placed in baskets of wire or other suitablematerials. These baskets are then tied together to form anintegral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banksand around bridge piers. No matter what form it takes, rock forerosio
10、n control consists of individual pieces of natural stone.The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resistdeterioration due to weathering action affects the stability ofthe integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence,the stability of construction projects, shorelines, and stream
11、-banks.4.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects offreezing and thawing action on the individual pieces of rock forerosion control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration.This test method was developed to be used in conjunction withadditional test methods listed in Practice D
12、 4992. This testmethod does not provide an absolute value but rather anindication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore,the results of this test method are not to be used as the solebasis for the determination of rock durability.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standar
13、d isdependant upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing and sampling. Users of this standard are cautionedthat compl
14、iance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for ErosionControl.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally
15、approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 5312 92 (1997).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
16、he ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 providesa means of evaluation some of
17、 those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Circular Diamond Saw, 14-in. (350-mm) diameter, ca-pable of sawing rock, of the type required for Practice D 5121.5.2 Freeze-Thaw Chamber or Home Freezer:5.2.1 A timer-controlled freeze-thaw chamber specificallydesigned for timed cycling of 16 h of freezing at 0 6 5F (
18、-186 2.5C) followed by a minimum of8hofthawing at 90 65F (32 6 2.5C) on a daily basis is the most desirable option.This type of apparatus can be obtained commercially andallows for the completion of one freeze-thaw cycle every dayincluding weekends and holidays.5.2.2 If a freeze-thaw chamber is not
19、available, a standardchest-type home freezer capable of reaching the minimumtemperatures in accordance with 5.2.1 may be used. Thelimitations associated with this option are related to the factthat the freeze-thaw cycling must be accomplished manually.The freezing portion of the cycle will begin whe
20、n the testspecimens are manually placed in the freezer at the end of theworkday. The test specimens must be removed at the beginningof the workday to begin the thawing portion of the cycle. Inaddition, only four cycles of freezing and thawing may beaccomplished during a normal work week since the 16
21、 h offreezing may be accomplished only on the first through thefourth nights of the workweek (the fifth night of the workweekwould go into the weekend). Thawing will then take place fromFriday morning to Monday evening. This thawing cycle willnot require the use of an oven.5.3 Oven, (if option 5.2.2
22、 is used), capable of holding thetest specimen and its container and of maintaining a constanttemperature of 90 6 5F (32 6 2.5C) required for the threethawing cycles during the workweek.5.4 Oven, capable of drying the specimen to a constant massat a temperature of 230 6 9F (110 6 5C).5.5 Containers,
23、 to hold the specimens partially immersed inan alcohol/water solution, These containers may be stainlesssteel or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and may be obtained from arestaurant supply company.5.6 Balance, capable of determining the mass of the speci-men to the nearest 0.1 % of the total mass in accord
24、ance withSpecification D 4753.5.7 Camera, capable of producing good quality, color pho-tographs for “before” and“ after” photographs.5.8 Stereomicroscope, or other suitable magnifying device,capable of at least 203 magnification for examination of thespecimen prior to and after testing.6. Special So
25、lutions6.1 The special solution required for this test methodconsists of a 0.5 % isopropyl alcohol/water solution. Thissolution may be mixed and stored ahead of time. It will be usedto replenish the solution as the test proceeds. Commerciallyavailable isopropyl alcohol as opposed to reagent grade is
26、suitable.7. Sampling7.1 The number and variety of samples from a source willbe dependent on the geological complexity of that source andwill be left to the judgment of the individual (familiar with testspecimen selection) doing the sampling; however, in no caseshall the sample consist of less than f
27、ive pieces per lithologic(rock) unit. Each piece will be of a size such that testing mayproceed without further mechanical crushing; however, thepieces chosen shall be as large as the testing laboratory canhandle but in no case shall the specimen be less than 5 in. (125mm) on a side. In all cases, t
28、he sample will be representativeof the various rock types found at the source.8. Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 Saw each test specimen in accordance with PracticeD 5121. Cut each specimen 2.5 6 0.25 in. (64 6 6 mm) thickand cut normal to bedding or any potential planes of weaknesswhich may be obse
29、rved in the samples. In no case will the sizeof the slab be less than 5 in. (125 mm) on a side, excluding thethickness. Prepare a separate test specimen for each orientationof the various planes of weakness unless all such planes can beintersected with one orientation. Include planes of weakness ine
30、ach sample such that a determination may be made as to thedurability of the various planes of weakness and their effect onthe overall durability of a rock mass which would contain theseplanes of weakness.NOTE 2Test specimens may also be prepared by cutting a 2.5-in.(64-mm) thick slab from a 6-in. (1
31、50-mm) diameter diamond drill coresuch that any apparent zones of weakness are included.NOTE 3The best estimates of rock durability are those estimates thatare based on the results of tests performed on the largest possible slabs ofrock.9. Procedure9.1 Examine each slab both macroscopically and micr
32、o-scopically using a minimum of 203 magnification. Note thepresence of bedding planes, microfractures, and other planes ofweakness and their condition. Describe each slab in accordancewith Practice D 5121.9.2 Label each test specimen with a suitable marker. Pho-tograph each test specimen using color
33、 film and in such a wayFIG. 1 Isoline Map of the Freeze-Thaw Severity IndexD5312042that the test specimen covers most of the photograph (wet orpartially wet test specimens usually show more detail). Includea scale in all photographs.9.3 Dry each slab in an oven to a constant mass (60.1 % oftotal mas
34、s) at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C) and record. The timeinterval between weighings shall be a minimum of 4 h. Rock,in which visual examination shows that it contains gypsum,shall be dried at the 140F (60C) temperature recommendedin Test Method D 2216.9.4 Place each test specimen, sawed side down, in acontaine
35、r on a piece of scrap carpeting (synthetic fiber pre-ferred). Add enough of the alcohol/water solution to thecontainer such that the solution covers the test specimen and letstand for a minimum of 12 h.9.5 Decant enough liquid such that the scrap carpeting isjust immersed.9.6 Place the container and
36、 test specimen in the freeze-thawchamber or freezer and subject the specimen to a freezingtemperature of at 0 6 5F (-18C) for a minimum of 12 h(there is no upper limit for storage during freezing). Uponcompleting the required time for freezing, subject the containerand specimen to complete thawing a
37、t a temperature of 90F(32C) for a minimum of 8 h but no more than 12 h. Therequired thawing may be accomplished either in the freeze-thaw chamber or in an oven; however, the test specimen mustbe left in its container during the entire thawing process.Replenish the alcohol/water solution to maintain
38、coverage ofthe scrap carpeting.9.7 Repeat the process of freezing and thawing for a totalnumber of cycles equivalent to the index number rounded tothe nearest five cycles of the geographic area of intended use asdetermined by Fig. 1.3NOTE 4Fig. 1 is an index map based on National Oceanic andAtmosphe
39、ric Agency (NOAA) climatic data and was developed todetermine the geographic distribution of the severity of freeze-thawcycles. The figure not only takes into account the annual number offreeze-thaw cycles, but also the amount of moisture associated with eachcycle and the temperature extremes of the
40、 freeze-thaw cycle. The indexnumber, therefore, is not a prediction of the annual number of freeze-thawcycles, but rather, is an indicator of the severity of the freeze-thaw processby geographic area. Since the freeze-thaw severity varies from onegeographic location to another, it is not possible to
41、 provide a reliableindication of the serviceability of rock for erosion control for a givenlocality unless the test procedure is customized for that locality. Thefreeze-thaw severity index allows for this type of customization.9.8 Examine the test specimen every few days for anychanges in the test s
42、pecimens condition and photograph asneeded.10. Calculation10.1 Quantitative ExaminationFor each slab perform thefollowing calculation:% loss 5 A 2 B!/A 3 100 (1)where:A = oven-dried mass of the specimen prior to testing, andB = oven-dried mass of the largest remaining piece of eachslab after testing
43、.10.2 Guidance on the number of significant digits to be usedis found in Practice D 6026.11. Qualitative Examination11.1 Every five cycles, visually examine the slab for anychanges that have taken place over the duration of the test anddescribe the changes. Identify the type of deterioration (spal-l
44、ing, splitting, disintegration, and other types of deterioration).Note and describe any changes to previously noted planes ofweakness.11.2 Take color photographs of each slab at the completionof testing. Provide close-ups of any unusual features. Include ascale with all photographs.12. Report12.1 Re
45、port the following information:12.1.1 Identification number,12.1.2 Sample source location,12.1.3 Location of intended use,12.1.4 Rock type,12.1.5 The results of the quantitative examination requiredin 10.1 and reported to the nearest 0.1 %,12.1.6 A written description of the qualitative examinationa
46、nd the findings of this exam, and12.1.7 “Before” and “after” color photographs.12.2 The following items are optional for the report:12.2.1 Geological formation name, and12.2.2 Geological setting of the source with pertinent infor-mation on planes of weakness noted in the field.13. Precision and Bias
47、13.1 PrecisionDue to the nature of the rock materialstested by this test method, it is, at this time, either not feasibleor too costly to produce multiple test specimens that haveuniform physical properties. Since test specimens that wouldyield the same test results cannot be tested, SubcommitteeD18
48、.17 cannot determine the variation between tests since anyvariation observed is just as likely to be due to test specimenvariation as to operator or laboratory testing variation. Sub-committee D18.17 welcomes proposals to resolve this problemthat would allow for the development of a valid precisions
49、tatement.13.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod; therefore, bias cannot be determined.14. Keywords14.1 armor stone; breakwater stone; climatic setting; ero-sion control; freeze-thaw; gabion-fill; laboratory testing;riprap; rock; rock material properties.3Lienhart, D. A., “The Geographic Distribution of Intensity and Frequency ofFreeze-Thaw Cycles,” Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists,VolXXV, No. 4, 1988, pp. 465471.D5312043SUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the locat
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