1、Designation: D5322 98 (Reapproved 2009)D5322 17Standard Practice forLaboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating theChemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the tes
3、ting of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquidwastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their compositenature requiring a confining pressure durin
4、g immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA9090 has notbeen updated since 1992.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The
5、 values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability o
6、f regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guid
7、es and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Ch
8、emical ReagentsD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of GeosyntheticsD5747 Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids2.2 Other Document:SW 846, Method 9090 Compatibility Test for Wastes and Membrane Liners33. Terminolo
9、gy3.1 Definitions: For definitions of many terms used in this practice, refer to Terminologies D123 and D4439.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chemical resistancethe ability to resist chemical attack.3.2.1.1 Discussion1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committe
10、e D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2009June 1, 2017. Published July 2009June 2017. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2003 2009 asD5322 98 (2003).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D532
11、2-98R09.10.1520/D5322-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standar
12、d and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases o
13、nly the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1The attack is dependent on the test method, and its severity is measured by determin
14、ing the changes in physical properties. Time,temperature, stress, and reagent may all be factors affecting the chemical resistance of a material.3.2.2 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnicalengineering-related material a
15、s an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquidwaste, leachate, or chemical. chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions sp
16、ecified in this practice are intended both toprovide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance ofa geosynthetic material(s). material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess
17、 theperformance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior,referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing
18、 and evaluationcriteria selected by the user.4.3 Without regulatory approval, this practice does not supersede testing requirements, such as SW 846, Method 9090,stipulated by regulatory agencies.5. Apparatus5.1 Exposure Tank, for containment of the solution and test material. The tank must be chemic
19、ally resistant and impermeableto the solution being used. Stainless steel or glass is recommended. Glass should not be used with strongly basic solutions.5.1.1 The size of the exposure tank is not specified since the volume of liquid to be used with any given amount of immersedgeosynthetic has not b
20、een standardized by ASTM or specified by the Environmental Protection Agency at the time of the writingof this practice. Sufficient liquid must be used to ensure the presence of any potentially detrimental chemicals throughout theimmersion. If sufficiently large exposure tanks are not possible, or i
21、f it is suspected that trace amounts of chemicals may bedepleted from the liquid during the exposure, smaller tanks may be used if the immersion liquid is replaced with fresh solutionafter each test period.5.2 Exposure Tank Lid, for sealing the tank. In order to prevent the loss of volatile componen
22、ts of interest, the tank must becapable of being sealed with a chemically resistant material.5.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, agreed upon, or required, provisions must be made for maintaining ambient atmosphericpressure in the tank. Using a reflex condenser open to the air, a pressure relief valve
23、or any method allowing the movement of gasto relieve pressure while minimizing changes in the chemical composition of the test solution is acceptable (see 9.7). The purposeof this feature of the equipment is to prevent pressure buildup in an exposure tank from the generation of gases by chemicalreac
24、tions or biological activity.5.2.2 Pressurized tanks that maintain a constant pressure may be used as an alternative to 5.2.1 when the maintenance of apressure other than ambient atmospheric pressure is specified, agreed upon, or required.5.3 Temperature Control Equipment, to maintain the immersion
25、solution at the specified temperature. Options that have workedwell are the following: (1) a hot water bath to contain the exposure tank; (2) a heating coil wrapped around the tank, or a hot plateused in conjunction with a thermostat and thermocouple; and (3) a room controlled at the exposure temper
26、ature for storing the tank.Placing a heating coil directly in the exposure solution is not recommended since corrosion may affect the coil, and chemicalreactions that may not otherwise occur may occur on a hot coil.5.4 Stirrer, if required (see 9.4), for mixing the solution. Magnetically moved stirr
27、ing bars and mechanical stirrers entering thetank through the lid will both work, depending on the temperature control procedure.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Immersion SolutionThe solutions potentially used with this practice have large differences in origin. The user of thispractice must determine
28、the correct solution for use in the particular application. Liquid wastes, leachates collected from existinginstallations, leachates made from solid wastes, synthetic leachates made from laboratory chemicals, standard chemical solutions(Test Method (Practices D543), and reference fuels and oils (Tes
29、t Method D471) are some of the possibilities.7. Hazards7.1 The solutions used in this practice may contain hazardous chemicals. Precautions must be taken when handling hazardouswaste, chemicals, and immersion solutions. Protective equipment suitable for the chemicals being used must be worn by allpe
30、rsonnel handling or exposed to the chemicals. Care should be taken when opening storage vessels at elevated temperatures, dueto the increased volatility of organics and increased activity of acids and bases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling ofhazardous materials, and provisions must b
31、e made to clean up any accidental spills that do occur.D5322 1728. Sampling8.1 Samples of the geosynthetic(s) to be immersed should be taken in a manner appropriate for the particular material. It isessential that all of the material immersed, as well as the unexposed material to be tested, have phy
32、sical properties that are assimilar as possible. Refer to the section on sampling in the applicable standard for the chemical resistance of the specificgeosynthetic to be tested.9. Procedure9.1 Tank PreparationClean the tank and lid thoroughly prior to introduction of the sample or liquid. Use disti
33、lled or deionizedwater for the final rinse of the cleaning procedure.9.2 Sample ExposureHold the geosynthetic material to be immersed in place in the exposure container in such a way thatcontact with the container and other sheets of material is limited as much as possible.9.2.1 Do not immerse diffe
34、rent types of geosynthetic materials in the same immersion vessel.9.2.2 Add the liquid to the tank with the test samples in place. The liquid must cover the samples completely.9.2.3 If the liquid is placed in the tank at ambient temperature and heated subsequently to an elevated immersion temperatur
35、e,the liquid will expand to a greater volume. This can result in the volume of the liquid exceeding the capacity of the tank and thusa spill of hazardous materials. Expansion of the liquid should be anticipated and procedures prepared for the containment of excessliquid.9.3 Sealing the TanksUnless o
36、therwise specified, agreed upon, or required, seal the exposure tanks with no air if the solutioncontains volatile organics or if the solution to be in contact with the geosynthetic will exist in the field under buried conditions.The pressure inside the tank must be the same as that outside the tank
37、.9.3.1 Do not seal the exposure tanks and leave an air space equal to 10 6 2 % of the volume of the exposure tank if there areno volatile organics in the solution and the geosynthetic will be used under free air exchange conditions in the field. If the tankis not sealed, the solution must be monitor
38、ed closely for volume changes due to evaporation or water absorption. Evaporation mustbe minimized as much as possible. Replace evaporated water with distilled or deionized water. Keep a record of the volume ofwater added and the date water was added. If the solution picks up moisture, store the tan
39、k in a low-humidity environment toeliminate the problem.9.4 Stirring the SolutionStirring the immersion liquid is required unless evidence can be offered that stirring is not necessaryto maintain a homogeneous solution. By keeping the solution circulating slowly, fresh solution is constantly passing
40、 over thesurface of the geosynthetic, thereby preventing a stagnant layer of reacted or used liquid from existing around the geosynthetic andthus stratification or settling of chemical constituents.9.4.1 If the immersion liquid consists of two separate immiscible liquids, and if the volume of the le
41、sser of the two liquidsconstitutes a significant portion of the solution (greater than 1 %), two separate immersions should be conducted with the twoliquids, if it is possible to collect enough of the lesser solution to perform the immersion.9.5 Immersion TemperaturesRecommended standard temperature
42、s are 23C (73F) and 50C (122F).23 C (73 F) and50 C (122 F). Higher temperatures may adversely affect the synthetic material adversely in a manner that would not occur at thelower temperatures. Immersion at temperatures above 50C50 C is not recommended unless the material is to be used at highertempe
43、ratures. Maintain the temperature of the exposure tanks within 2C (4F)2 C (4 F) of the selected immersion temperature.NOTE 1Caution must be used in interpreting the results from an elevated temperature elevated-temperature immersion. The magnitude of changesseen at elevated temperatures, such as wei
44、ght gain, may never occur at room temperature, regardless of the exposure period. Biological activity that mayhave an effect on the material may be terminated by the high temperatures. If possible biological attack on the material is expected, other tests forbiological resistance should be conducted
45、 in addition to the chemical resistance test.9.6 Test Period SelectionIn addition to testing the unexposed geosynthetic material, conduct testing after four immersionperiods. Immerse sufficient material for the planned immersion periods plus two additional periods. Testing after more than fourperiod
46、s may be necessary, if warranted by changes observed in the material, or if additional data are necessary due to erratic orinconclusive results.9.6.1 In the absence of other specifications or user requirements, the standard immersion periods are 1, 2, 3, and 4one, two,three, and four months.NOTE 2On
47、e month is intended to be approximately 30 days. Months are specified rather than a certain number of days in order to allow compensationfor weekends and holidays during a test program.NOTE 3Testing after time periods longer than four months may be desirable to demonstrate long-term chemical resista
48、nce. Shorter test periods maybe appropriate, if it is necessary to demonstrate only that a gross lack of chemical resistance does not exist, or if the geosynthetic is intended for use incontact with the liquid for only a short time period (less than the normal four-month immersion period) and is not
49、 intended for use after the short-termutilization.9.7 Maintaining Solution ChemistryIf it is suspected that trace amounts of chemicals may be depleted from the liquid, or thatthe chemical nature of the liquid changes with time, it is recommended that the immersion liquid be replaced with fresh solutionafter each test period. If the liquid is to be replaced periodically, it is important that the fresh liquid be from the same source asthe original liquid and that the fresh liquid be as similar to the original liquid as possible.D5322 173NOTE 4The solu
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