1、Designation:D534010 Designation: D5340 11 Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation D5340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon ( ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of airport pavement condition through visual surveys of asphalt-surfaced pavem
3、ents, including porous friction courses, and plain or reinforced jointed portland cement concrete pavements, using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method of quantifying pavement condition. 1.2 ThePCIforairportpavementswasdevelopedbytheUSArmyCorpsofEngineersthroughthefundingprovidedbytheU.S. Air F
4、orce (1, 2, 3). 2 It is further veried and adopted by FAA (4), and the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command (5). 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information o
5、nly and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory lim
6、itations prior to use. Specic precautionary statements are given in Section 6. 2. Terminology 2.1 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 2.1.1 additional samplea sample unit inspected in addition to the random sample units to include nonrepresentative sample unitsinthedeterminationofthepavement
7、condition.Thisincludesverypoororexcellentsamplesthatarenottypicalofthesection and sample units which contain an unusual distress such as a utility cut. If a sample unit containing an unusual distress is chosen at random, it should be counted as an additional sample unit and another random sample uni
8、t should be chosen. If every sample unit is surveyed, then there are no additional sample units. 2.1.2 asphalt concrete (AC) surfaceaggregate mixture with an asphalt cement binder. This term also refers to surfaces constructed of coal tars and natural tars for purposes of this test method. 2.1.3 pav
9、ement brancha branch is an identiable part of the pavement network that is a single entity and has a distinct function. For example, each runway, taxiway, and apron areas are separate branches. 2.1.4 pavement condition index (PCI)a numerical rating of the pavement condition that ranges from 0 to 100
10、 with 0 being the worst possible condition and 100 being the best possible condition. 2.1.5 pavement condition ratinga verbal description of pavement condition as a function of the PCI value. Fig. 1 shows two examples of PCI rating scales. 2.1.6 pavement distressexternal indicators of pavement deter
11、ioration caused by loading, environmental factors, or construc- tiondeciencies,oracombinationthereof.Typicaldistressesarecracks,rutting,andweatheringofthepavementsurface.Distress typesandseveritylevelsdetailedinAppendixX1forACandAppendixX2forPCCpavementsmustbeusedtoobtainanaccurate PCI value. 2.1.7
12、pavement sample unita subdivision of a pavement section that has a standard size range: 20 contiguous slabs (68 slabs if the total number of slabs in the section is not evenly divided by 20, or to accommodate specic eld condition) for PCC aireld pavement and 5000 contiguous square feet (6 2000 ft 2
13、(450 6 180 m 2 ) if the pavement is not evenly divided by 5000, or to accommodate specic eld condition) for AC aireld pavement and porous friction surfaces. 2.1.8 pavement sectiona contiguous pavement area having uniform construction, maintenance, usage history, and condition. A section should also
14、have the same traffic volume and load intensity. 2.1.9 porous friction surfacesopen-graded select aggregate mixture with an asphalt cement binder.This is a subset of asphalt concrete-surfaced pavements. 2.1.10 portlandcementconcrete(PCC)pavementaggregatemixturewithportlandcementbinderincludingnonrei
15、nforcedand reinforced jointed pavement. 1 ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE17onVehicle-PavementSystemsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE17.42onPavement Management and Data Needs. Current edition approved Feb.June 1, 2010.2011. Published March 2010.July 2011. Originally ap
16、proved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20092010 as D534009a.D534010. DOI: 10.1520/D5340-101. 2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the text. 1 This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an in
17、dication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to
18、be considered the official document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.1.11 random samplea sample unit of the pavement section selected for inspection by random sampling techniques, such as a random number table or sys
19、tematic random procedure. 3. Summary of Test Method 3.1 The pavement is divided into branches that are divided into sections. Each section is divided into sample units. The type andseverityofairportpavementdistressisassessedbyvisualinspectionofthepavementsampleunits.Thequantityofthedistress is measu
20、red as described inAppendix X1 andAppendix X2. The distress data are used to calculate the PCI for each sample unit. The PCI of the pavement section is determined based on the PCI of the inspected sample units within the section. 4. Signicance and Use 4.1 ThePCIisanumericalindicatorthatratesthesurfa
21、ceconditionofthepavement.ThePCIprovidesameasureofthepresent condition of the pavement based on the distress observed on the surface of the pavement which also indicates the structural integrity and surface operational condition (localized roughness and safety). The PCI cannot measure the structural
22、capacity, neither does it provide direct measurement of skid resistance or roughness. It provides an objective and rational basis for determining maintenance and repair needs and priorities. Continuous monitoring of the PCI is used to establish the rate of pavement deterioration, which permits early
23、 identication of major rehabilitation needs.The PCI provides feedback on pavement performance for validation or improvement of current pavement design and maintenance procedures. 5. Apparatus 5.1 Data Sheets,orothereldrecordinginstrumentsthatrecordataminimumthefollowinginformation:date,location,bran
24、ch, section, sample unit size, slab number and size, distress types, severity levels, quantities, and names of surveyors. Example data sheets for AC and PCC pavements are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. 5.2 Hand Odometer Wheel, that reads to the nearest 0.1 ft (30 mm). 5.3 Straightedge or String Line (A
25、C only), 10 ft (3 m). 5.4 Scale, 12 in. (300 mm) that reads to 1 8 in. (3 mm) or better.Additional 12-in. (300-mm) ruler or straightedge is needed to measure faulting in PCC pavements. 5.5 Layout Plan, for airport to be inspected. 6. Hazards 6.1 Traffic is a hazard as inspectors must walk on the pav
26、ement to perform the condition survey. Inspection must be approved by and coordinated with the airport operational staff. 6.2 Noise from aircraft can be a hazard. Hearing protection must be available to the inspector at all times when airside inspections are being performed. 7. Sampling and Sample U
27、nits 7.1 Identify areas of the pavement with different uses such as runways, taxiways, and aprons on the airport layout plan. 7.2 Divide each single-use area into sections based on the pavement design, construction history, traffic, and condition. 7.3 Divide the pavement sections into sample units.
28、If the pavement slabs in PCC have joint spacings greater than 25 ft (8 m), subdivide each slab into imaginary slabs. The imaginary slabs should all be less than or equal to 25 ft (8 m) in length, and the imaginaryjointsdividingtheslabsareassumedtobeinperfectcondition.Thisisneededbecausethedeductvalu
29、esweredeveloped for jointed concrete slabs less than or equal to 25 ft (8 m). FIG. 1 Two Examples of Pavement Condition Index (PCI (trademarked) Rating Scales D5340 11 27.4 Individual sample units to be inspected should be marked or identied in a manner to allow inspectors and quality control person
30、nel to easily locate them on the pavement surface. Paint marks along the edge and sketches with locations connected to physical pavement features are acceptable. The use of nails or other potential FOD sources is not recommended. It is necessary tobeabletoaccuratelyrelocatethesampleunitstoallowveric
31、ationofcurrentdistressdata,toexaminechangesinconditionwith time of a particular sample unit, and to enable future inspections of the same sample unit if desired. 7.5 Select the sample units to be inspected. The number of sample units to be inspected may vary from all of the sample units in the secti
32、on, a number of sample units that provides a 95% condence level, or a lesser number. 7.5.1 All sample units in the section may be inspected to determine the average PCI of the section. This is usually precluded for routine management purposes by available manpower, funds, and time. Total sampling, h
33、owever, is desirable for project analysis to help estimate maintenance and repair quantities. 7.5.2 The minimum number of sample units (n) that must be surveyed within a given section to obtain a statistically adequate estimate (95% condence) of the PCI of the section is calculated using the followi
34、ng formula and rounding n to the next highest whole number (1). n 5 Ns 2 SS e 2 4 DN 21! 1 s 2 D (1) D5340-11_1 FIG. 2 Flexible Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit D5340 11 3where: e = acceptable error in estimating the section PCI. Commonly, e= 65 PCI points, s = standard deviation
35、 of the PCI from one sample unit to another within the section.When performing the initial inspection, the standard deviation is assumed to be ten for AC pavements and 15 for PCC pavements. This assumption should be checked as described below after PCI values are determined. For subsequent inspectio
36、ns the standard deviation from the preceding inspection should be used to determine n, and N = total number of sample units in the section. 7.5.2.1 If obtaining the 95% condence level is critical, the adequacy of the number of sample units surveyed must be conrmed. The number of sample units was est
37、imated based on an assumed standard deviation. Calculate the actual standard deviation(s) as follows (1): D5340-11_2 where: PCI i = PCI of surveyed sample unit i, PCI f = mean PCI of surveyed sample units, and n = total number of sample units surveyed. 7.5.2.2 Calculate the revised minimum number of
38、 sample units (Eq 1) to be surveyed using the calculated standard deviation (Eq 2). If the revised number of sample units to be surveyed is greater than the number of sample units already surveyed, select and survey additional random sample units.These sample units should be evenly spaced across the
39、 section. Repeat the process of checking the revised number of sample units and surveying additional random sample units until the total number of sample units surveyed equals or exceeds the minimum required sample units (n) in Eq 1, using the actual total sample standard deviation). 7.5.3 A lesser
40、sampling rate than the above mentioned 95% condence level can be used based on the condition survey objective.As an example, one agency uses the following table for selecting the number of sample units to be inspected for other than project analysis: Given Survey 1 to 5 sample units 1 sample unit 6
41、to 10 sample units 2 sample units 11 to 15 sample units 3 sample units 16 to 40 sample units 4 sample units FIG. 3 Jointed Rigid Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit D5340 11 4over 40 sample units 10 % 7.6 Once the number of sample units to be inspected has been determined, compute t
42、he spacing interval of the units using systematic random sampling. Samples are equally spaced throughout the section with the rst sample selected at random. The spacing interval (i) of the units to be sampled is calculated by the following formula rounded to the next lowest whole number: D5340-11_3
43、where: N = total number of sample units in the section, and n = number of sample units to be inspected. The rst sample unit to be inspected is selected at random from sample units 1 through i.The sample units within a section that are successive increments of the interval i after the rst randomly se
44、lected unit are also inspected. 7.7 Additional sample units are only to be inspected when nonrepresentative distresses are observed as dened in 2.1.1. These sample units are selected by the user. 8. Inspection Procedure 8.1 ThedenitionsandguidelinesforquantifyingdistressesforPCIdeterminationaregiven
45、inAppendixX1forACpavements. Other related references (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) are also available that discuss distress survey; however, when the material in these references conict with the denitions included in this test method, the denitions in this test method are used. 8.2 AC Surfaced Pavement,
46、Including Porous Friction SurfacesIndividually inspect each sample unit chosen. Sketch the sample unit, including orientation. Record the branch and section number, and number and type of the sample unit (random or additional). Record the sample unit size measured with the hand odometer. Conduct the
47、 distress inspection by walking over the sample unit being surveyed, measuring the quantity of each severity level of every distress type present, and recording the data. Distresses must correspond in types and severities to those described in Appendix X1. The method of measurement is included withe
48、achdistressdescription.Measurementsshouldbemadeto 60.1ft(30mm)withthehandodometer.Summarizeeachdistress typeandseveritylevelineithersquarefeetorlinearfeet(squaremetresorlinearmetres),dependingonthetypeofdistress.Repeat this procedure for each sample unit to be inspected.Ablank “Flexible Pavement Con
49、dition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit” is included in Appendix X5. 8.3 PCC PavementsIndividually inspect each sample unit chosen. Sketch the sample unit showing the location of the slabs. Record the sample unit size, branch and section number, number and type of the sample unit (random or additional), the number of slabs in the sample unit, and the slab size measured with the hand odometer. Perform the inspection by walking over each slab ofthesampleunitbeingsurveyedandrecordingalldistressesexistingintheslabalongwiththeirseverityl
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