ASTM D5364-1993(2002) Standard Guide for Design Fabrication and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units《燃煤单位玻璃纤维增强塑料烟囱衬里的设计 制造及安装标准导则》.pdf

1、Designation: D 5364 93 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Guide forDesign, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass ReinforcedPlastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5364; the number immediately following the designation i

2、ndicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONFederal and state environmental regula

3、tions have imposed strict requirements to clean the gasesleaving a chimney. These regulations have resulted in taller chimneys (6001000 ft (183305 m) andlower gas temperatures (120200F (4993C) due to the use of scrubbers. These regulations led tothe development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) chi

4、mney liners in the 1970s.Fiberglass-reinforced plastic liners have proven their capability to resist corrosion and carry loadsover long periods of time. Successful service has been demonstrated in the utility and general-processindustries for over 40 years. Appendix X4 is a partial listing of FRP-li

5、ner heights and diameterscurrently in the generating industry. The taller FRP structures and larger diameters (1030 ft (39 m)imposed new design, fabrication, and erection challenges.A utility-industry survey of FRP liners was conducted in 1983 (4).2This survey summarized the 19FRP liners constructed

6、 in the power-utility industry; including Owner/A-E/Contractor, overallconfiguration, fuel type, and specific operating experience.The design, fabrication, and erection of FRP liners involves disciplines which must address thespecific characteristics of the material. Areas that have been shown to be

7、 of importance include thefollowing:(1) Flue-gas characteristics such as chemical composition, water and acid dew points, operating andexcursion temperature, velocity, etc.(2) Plant operation as it relates to variations in the flue-gas characteristics.(3) Material selection and laminate design.(4) Q

8、uality control throughout the design, fabrication, and erection process to ensure the integrityof the corrosion barrier and the structural laminate.(5) Secondary bounding of attachments, appurtenances, and joints.(6) Installation and handling.Chimney components include an outer shell, an inner liner

9、, breeching ductwork, and miscellaneousplatforms, elevators, ladders, and miscellaneous components. The shell provides structural integrity toenvironmental forces such as wind, earthquake, ambient temperatures, and supports the liner or liners.The liner or liners inside the shell protects the shell

10、from the thermal, chemical, and abrasiveenvironment of the hot boiler gases (120560F (49293C). These liners have been made of FRP,acid-resistant brick, carbon steel, stainless steel, high-alloy steel, shotcrete-coated steel, andshotcrete-coated shells. The selection of the material type depends on t

11、he chemical composition andtemperature of the flue gas, liner height, diameter, and seismic zone. Also, variations in flue-gascharacteristics and durations of transients affect material selection and design.1. Scope1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the userconcerning available techniqu

12、es and methods for design, ma-terial selection, fabrication, erection, quality assurance, andcontrol.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic PipingSystems and Chemical Equipment.Current editi

13、on approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1993 as D 5364 93.2The boldface numbers in parenthesis refer to the list of references at he end ofthis guide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh

14、ocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used andimplemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure forthe industry.1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the properdesign of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative tothermal, chemical,

15、and erosive environments are defined. Dueto the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment,each liner must be designed and detailed individually.1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements,composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods areoffered.1.5 Once the ma

16、terial is selected and the liner designed,procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.1.7 Quality-assurance and quality-control procedures aredeveloped for the design, fabricatio

17、n, and erection phases. Thequality-assurance program defines the proper authority andresponsibility, control of material and fabrication, inspectionprocedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. Thequality-control procedures provide the steps required to imple-ment the quality-assurance progra

18、m.1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development sub-jects to further support recommendations of this guide.1.9 DisclaimerThe reader is cautioned that independentprofessional judgment must be exercised when data or recom-mendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publicationof the materi

19、al contained herein is not intended as a represen-tation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information issuitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringe-ment of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of thisinformation assumes all liability arising from such use. Thedesign

20、 of structures is within the scope of expertise of alicensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed profes-sional for the application of principles to a particular structure.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafet

21、y concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.SectionIntroduction and BackgroundScope and Objective 1Referenced Documents

22、2ASTM Standards 2.1ACI Standard 2.2NFPA Standard 2.3ASME Standards 2.4Terminology 3ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1Applicable Definitions 3.2Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3Symbols 3.4Significance and Use 4Service and Operating Environments 5Service Conditions 5.1Environmenta

23、l Severity 5.2Chemical Environment 5.3Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4Operating Temperature Environment 5.5Abnormal Environments 5.6Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8Flame Spread 5.9Materials 6Raw Materials 6.1Laminate Composition 6.2Laminate Properties 6.3De

24、sign 7Design 7.1Assumptions 7.2Dead Loads 7.3Wind Loads 7.4Earthquake Loads 7.5Thermal Loads 7.6Circumferential Pressure Loads 7.7Load Factors 7.8Resistance Factors 7.9Loading Combinations 7.10Allowable Longitudinal Stresses 7.11Allowable Circumferential Stresses 7.12Design Limits 7.13Tolerances 7.1

25、4Deflections 7.15Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16Fabrication 8Fabrication 8.1Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2Fabrication Facility 8.3General Construction 8.4Fabrication Equipment 8.5Resin Systems 8.6Reinforcement 8.7Fabrication Procedures 8.8Handling and Transportation 8.9Erection Appur

26、tenances 8.10Tolerances 8.11Erection of FRP Liners 9Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1Handling and Storage on Site 9.2Erection Appurtenances 9.3Field Joints 9.4Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10.1Quality-Assurance Program 10.2Quality-Assurance Surveillance

27、 10.3Inspections 10.4Submittals 10.5Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11Initial Start-Up 11.1Operation and Maintenance 11.2Annex A.Typical Inspection Checklist A1.Appendixes X.Commentary X1.Further Research and Development X2.Sample Design Calculations X3.FRP Chimney Liners in the Power-

28、Generation Industry X4.Steady-State Temperature Distribution in Liner X5.References2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus3C 581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance ofThermosetting

29、Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedStructures, Intended for Liquid Service4C 582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced, Ther-mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion ResistantEquipment43Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.D 5364 93 (2002)

30、2D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics5D 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperatures of PlasticsUnder Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position5D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlastics5D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics

31、and Electrical Insulating Materi-als5D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement5D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics5D 2393 Test Method for Viscosity of Epoxy Resins andRelated Components6D 2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of RigidP

32、lastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor7D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResins7D 3299 Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks4D 4398 Test Method for Determining the Chemical Resis-tance of Fiberglass Reinforced Thermose

33、tting Resins ByOne-Side Panel Exposure4E 84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding Materials8E 228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials With a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer92.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard:ACI Standard 307 Specification for the D

34、esign and Con-struction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys102.3 NFPA Standard:NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity112.4 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels122.5 ANSI Standard:ASME/ANSI RTP-Reinforced Plastic Corrosion ResistantEquipment133.

35、Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terms used in this guide are from Terminology D 883unless otherwise indicated in 3.2.3.2 The following applicable definitions in this guide areprovided for reference:3.3 acceleratora material added to the resin to increasethe rate of polymerization (curing).3.4 axial

36、in the direction of the axis (lengthwise center-line) of the equipment.3.5 Barcol hardnessmeasurement of the degree of cure bymeans of resin hardness. The Barcol impressor is the instru-ment used (see Test Method D 2583).3.6 binderchemical treatment applied to the random ar-rangement of glass fibers

37、 to give integrity to mats. Specificbinders are utilized to promote chemical compatibility withvarious laminating resins used.3.7 blisterRefer to Terminology D 883.3.8 bondingjoining of two or more parts by adhesiveforces.3.9 bond strengthforce per unit area (psi) necessary torupture a bond in inter

38、laminar shear.3.10 bucklinga mode of failure characterized by an un-stable lateral deflection due to compressive action on thestructural element involved.3.11 burned areasareas of laminate showing evidence ofdecomposition (for example, discoloration and cracking) dueto excessive resin exotherm.3.12

39、burn out (burn off)thermal decomposition of theorganic materials (resin and binders) from a laminate specimenin order to determine the weight percent and laminationsequence of the glass reinforcement.3.13 catalystan organic peroxide material used to activatethe polymerization of the resin.3.14 chopp

40、ed-strand matreinforcement made from ran-domly oriented glass strands that are held together in a matform by means of a binder.3.15 chopper guna machine used to cut continuous fiber-glass roving to predetermined lengths (usually12 2 in.)(1351 mm) and propel the cut strands to the mold surface. Inthe

41、 spray-up process, a catalyzed resin is deposited simulta-neously on the mold. When interspersed layers are provided infilament winding, the resin spray is not used.3.16 contact moldingprocess for molding reinforced plas-tics in which reinforcement and resin are placed on an openmold or mandrel. Cur

42、e is without application of pressure;includes both hand-lay-up and spray-up.3.17 corrosion barrierthe integral inner barrier of thelaminate which is made from resin, veil, and chopped mat.3.18 coveragesee winding cycle.3.19 crazingthe formation of tiny hairline cracks in vary-ing degrees throughout

43、the resin matrix, particularly in resin-rich areas.3.20 cut edgeend of a laminate resulting from cutting thatis not protected by a corrosion barrier.3.21 delaminationphysical separation or loss of bondbetween laminate plies.3.22 dry spotan area where the reinforcement fibers havenot been sufficientl

44、y wetted with resin.3.23 edge sealingapplication of reinforcement and resin,or resin alone, to seal cut edges and provide a corrosion-resistant barrier. The final layer should be paraffinated.3.24 entrapped-air voidsee void.3.25 environmentstate of the surroundings in contact withthe internal and ex

45、ternal surfaces, including the temperature,pressure, chemical exposure, relative humidity, and presence ofliquids or gases.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.6Discontinued. See 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.8Annual Book of ASTM Standar

46、ds, Vol 04.07.9Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.10Annual ACI Technical Committee Manual publication. Available from Ameri-can Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333.11Available from NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.12Available from American Society of Mechan

47、ical Engineers, New York, NY,1989, pp. 187202.13Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY,1989, Subpart 3B and pp. 111135.D 5364 93 (2002)33.26 exothermevolution of heat by the resin during thepolymerization reaction.3.27 exotherm plythat ply of chopped mat at which thela

48、mination process is stopped to allow gelation and exothermof the existing laminate.3.28 fabricatorthe producer of the equipment who com-bines resin and reinforcing fibers to produce the final product.3.29 fatiguethe change in properties of the laminate overtime under cycling of loads, including mech

49、anical, tempera-ture, and other environmental exposures.3.30 fiber(glass)a fine, continuously formed thread ofglass. E-glass is used for strength and durability, E-CR-glass isa modified E-glass with improved corrosion resistance to mostacids, and C-glass is resistant to corrosion by most acids.3.31 fiberglass rovingsee roving.3.32 fiberglass woven rovingheavy fabric woven fromstrands of glass fiber.3.33 fiber wettingcoating of the fiberglass with resin bymeans of rollout or immersion.3.34 filament windinga process for forming FR