1、Designation: D 5408 93 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forSet of Data Elements to Describe a Ground-Water Site;Part OneAdditional Identification Descriptors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5408; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers Part One of three guides to be used inconjunction wit
3、h Practice D 5254 that delineates the datadesirable to describe a ground-water data collection or sam-pling site. This guide describes additional information beyondthe minimum set of data elements that may be needed toidentify a ground-water site. Part Two identifies physicaldescriptors, such as con
4、struction, for a site, while Part Threeidentifies usage descriptors, such as monitoring, for an indi-vidual ground-water site.NOTE 1A ground-water site is defined as any source, location, orsampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from anatural stratum from below the surface of
5、 the earth. A source or facilitycan include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontalin orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, boreholes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulicallyconnected to the ground water, are appropriate f
6、or the use intended.NOTE 2Part Two (Guide D 5409) includes individual site character-istic descriptors (7 data elements), construction descriptors (56 dataelements), lift descriptors (16 data elements), geologic descriptors (26 dataelements), hydraulic descriptors (20 data elements), and spring desc
7、riptors(11 data elements). Part Three (Guide D 5410) includes monitoringdescriptors (77 data elements), irrigation descriptors (4 data elements),waste site descriptors (9 data elements), and decommissioning descriptors(8 data elements). For a list of descriptors in this guide, see Section 4.1.2 Thes
8、e data elements are described in terms used byground-water hydrologists. Standard references, such as theGlossary of Geology and various hydrogeologic professionalpublications, are used to determine these definitions. Many ofthe suggested elements and their representative codes are thoseestablished
9、by the Water Resources Division of the U.S.Geological Survey and used in the National Water InformationSystems computerized data base (1-9).2NOTE 3The purpose of this guide is to suggest data elements that canbe collected for ground-water sites. This does not uniquely imply acomputer data base, but
10、rather data elements for entry into any type ofpermanent file.NOTE 4Component and code lists given with some of the dataelements, for example “Format of Other Data,” are only suggestions.These lists can be modified, expanded, or reduced for the purpose intendedby the company or agency maintaining th
11、e ground-water data file.NOTE 5Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposesonly and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.3 This guide includes the data elements desirable toidentify a ground-water site beyond those given in the “Mini-mum Set of Data Elements.” Some examples o
12、f the dataelements are map identification, permitting facts, and support-ing information. No single site will need every data element,for example, many ground-water sites do not need the dataelements described in the legal record group. Each record(group of related data elements) for a site has mand
13、atory dataelements, such as the date for the ownership record. However,these elements are considered necessary only when that spe-cific record is gathered for the site.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation on
14、ly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This gui
15、de offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstanc
16、es. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means
17、only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Publishe
18、d July 2004. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 5408 - 93 (1998).2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthe text.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United S
19、tates.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD 5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD 5410 Guide
20、for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part ThreeUsage Descriptors3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms applicable to this guide, seeTerminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 codea suggested abbreviation for a component, forex
21、ample, “F” is the code suggested for the “Files (Raw Data)”component of data element “Format of Other Data.”3.2.2 componenta subdivision of a data element, forexample, “Files (Raw Data)” is one of four componentssuggested for data element “Format of Other Data.”3.2.3 data elementan individual segmen
22、t of informationabout a ground-water site, for example, “Format of OtherData.” The data element is in the “Other Data Record” record.3.2.4 recorda set of related data elements that may needto be repeated to fully describe a ground-water site. Forexample, a ground-water site that has a series of sepa
23、rate datafiles will need more than one “Other Data Record” record (therecord includes data elements, other data type, other datalocation, and format of other data) to fully document thehistory of the site. However, if only a single separate data fileexists for the well, the record is utilized once.3
24、.2.5 record groupa set of related records. For example,the “Supporting Information Record Group” includes theowner record, site visits record, other identification record,other data record, and remarks record. Some record groupsconsist of only one record, for example, the “Legal RecordGroup” include
25、s only the legal record.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide includes the following additional identifica-tion descriptor data elements to describe a ground-water site.The universal element accompanies any data element requiringa confidence classification. Single elements usually need oneentry for a si
26、te, while repeated elements commonly requireseveral records to fully describe the conditions and history ofthe site:Universal ElementData Confidence ClassificationSingle ElementsGeographic Location:Land-Net LocationLocation MapMap ScaleMethod Altitude DeterminedPolitical RegimesCongressional Distric
27、tSource Identifiers:Mean Greenwich Time OffsetSite Reference in ReportSite in a Computer Data BasePhotography/Sketch Available of SiteRepeated ElementsLegal Record Group:Legal Record:Permitting AgencyPriority DateApplication NumberApplication DateCertification NumberCertification DatePermit NumberPe
28、rmit DateWater AllocationSupporting Information Record GroupOwner Record:Date of OwnershipOwners NameSite Visits Record:Date of VisitPerson Who Made VisitPurpose of VisitOther Identification Record:Other Name, Number, or IdentificationAssignerOther Data Record:Other Data TypeOther Data LocationForma
29、t of Other DataRemarks Record:Remark DateRemarkRemark Source5. Significance and Use5.1 Data at ground-water sites are gathered for many pur-poses, each of which generally requires a specific set of dataelements. For example, when ground-water quality is a con-cern, not only are the minimum set of da
30、ta elements requiredfor the site, but information concerning the sample collectiondepth interval, method of collection, and date and time ofcollection are needed to fully qualify the data. Another groupof elements are recommended for each use of the data, such asaquifer characteristics or water-leve
31、l records. Normally themore information that is gathered about a site by fieldpersonnel, the easier it is to understand the ground-waterconditions and to reach valid conclusions and interpretationsregarding the site.5.2 The data elements listed in this guide and GuidesD 5409 and D 5410 should assist
32、 in planning what informationcan be gathered for a ground-water site and how to documentthese data.NOTE 6Some important data elements may change during the exist-ence of a site. For example, the elevation of the measuring point used forthe measurement of water levels may be modified because of repai
33、r orreplacement of equipment. This frequently occurs when the measuringpoint is an opening in the pump and the pump is modified or replaced.Because changes cannot always be anticipated, it is preferable to referencethe height of the measuring point to a nearby, permanent altitude datum.The measuring
34、 point is referenced by being the same altitude (zerocorrection) or above (negative correction) or below (plus correction) thealtitude datum. All appropriate measurements should be corrected in3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
35、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D 5408 93 (2004)2reference to the altitude datum before entry into the permanent record.Care must be exercised to keep the relationship of these data elementsconsistent
36、 throughout the duration of the site.5.3 Some data elements have an extensive list of compo-nents. For example, the aquifer identification list described inGuide D 5409, has over 5000 components. Lengthy lists ofpossible components are not included in this guide, however,information on where to obta
37、in these components is includedwith the specific data element.NOTE 7This guide identifies many sources, lists, etc., of informationrequired to completely document information about any ground-watersite.6. Documentation of Universal Element6.1 For any element that requires a Confidence Classifica-tio
38、n, document the data confidence classification for thatspecified critical data element for the ground-water site.Field-measured or laboratory-determined values have varyingdegrees of accuracy depending upon the methods used toobtain the information. This subjective or judged confidenceshould be docu
39、mented for each measured data element by theagency or company that gathered or recorded the information,or both. Suggested components for the data confidence classi-fication and representative codes are as follows:AValue is accurate to within the tolerance of the mea-surement instrument.IValue is ju
40、dged to be inaccurate due to improper instru-mentation or bias instrumentation or laboratory methods.NNot verified, value was obtained from another sourceand due to the mature of the data, cannot be verified.NOTE 8At a minimum, it is important, and often sufficient, that databe classified subjective
41、ly by experienced professionals. It is not alwayspossible or necessary to objectively quantify the confidence that a datauser might have in a data value, but a professional classification can beuseful. For the purposes of the three guides, the word confidence refers toa subjective professional judgm
42、ent on data accuracy as represented by thethree data confidence classification components, and does not imply themore rigorous confidence limits or interval as used by statisticians.NOTE 9A critical data element is one that the value can be fieldmeasured or laboratory determined with an instrument t
43、hat has a statisti-cally resolved degree of precision. Many data elements gathered forground-water sites require no accompanying confidence classification, forexample, owners name, location map, type of lift, etc. Each data elementthat generally requires an accompanying confidence classification wil
44、l beso noted in these guides.7. Documentation of Miscellaneous Singular DataElements7.1 IntroductionA vast number of data elements can bedocumented about a ground-water site to thoroughly describeits location, physical features, relationship to other features onthe earths surface, and to designate w
45、hat information isgathered at the site. These data elements typically are tran-scribed once for a site, in contrast to data elements that may berepetitive, such as water levels. Many of these data areextremely valuable in the characterization of sites that fall intocertain categories, for example we
46、lls, for which the locationmap is an essential element to assist in properly positioning thewell.7.2 Geographic Location:7.2.1 Land-Net LocationIn addition to the locational datarequired by the minimum set of data elements, land-netlocation may be a general land office description of the sitespositi
47、on on the surface of the earth. This description is used inmany parts of the United States to subdivide the land intosections, townships, and ranges for the purpose of governmen-tal administration and originally was used (beginning in 1786)as a systematic method for the disposal of unoccupied land(1
48、0). An abbreviated form of this description is used by manywater agencies, in the many parts of the country, as the primarymethod of systematically cataloging ground-water sites. Themethod allows for the location of sites to a minimum of a212-acre (one hectare) tract (1256 th of a section) within as
49、pecified section, township, range, and meridian. The meridiandesignation must be included to denote where the township andrange are located in the National grid system. An example of a212-acre (one hectare) location is “Northeast14 of the South-east14 of the Northwest14 of the Southwest14 , Section 22,Township 45 South, Range 87 West, Boise meridian.” Thislocation is usually abbreviated to a form similar to “NESEN-WSW Sec. 22, T45S, R87W B.” A number of formatscomparable to this abbreviation have been established by thevarious agencies that use the sys
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