1、Designation: D 5415 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forEvaluating Load Containment Performance of Stretch WrapFilms by Vibration Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5415; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to evaluate and compare theability of stretch-wrap films
3、to contain unitized loads duringshipping.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
4、 limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of ShippingContainers3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in T
5、erminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 amplitudethe maximum value of a sinusoidal quan-tity (zero to peak).3.2.2 resonancea system of forced vibration existingwhen any change, however small, in the frequency of excita-tion causes a decrease in the response of the s
6、ystem.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to be used mainly as ameans of comparing the performance of stretch-wrap films. Itcan also be used to compare the effectiveness of different wrapcycles with the same wrapping materials. No direct correlationbetween these test results and
7、actual field performance hasbeen established.4.2 This test method simulates the shipping of unitizedloads by way of truck and rail, concentrating on the vibrationelement associated with these modes. Other elements of thedistribution system, such as mechanical handling, are notaddressed specifically
8、in this test method.4.3 This test method establishes a method for rating theperformance of films, but it leaves open to the discretion of theuser the establishment of an acceptable rating for the specificend-use intended.5. Apparatus5.1 Load Wrapping ApparatusA machine or apparatus towrap the test l
9、oad. The method of wrap application is prefer-ably as near as possible to that used in an actual productionsituation (stretch wrapper or manual wrapping unit).5.2 Vibration TableA vibration testing apparatus con-forming to Test Methods D 999, preferably equipped with thecapability of varying the fre
10、quency or amplitude, or both, ofvibration input in a controlled fashion and maintaining a setvibration mode.5.2.1 The table shall be large enough and have a weightcapacity sufficient to hold an entire wrapped shipping unit.5.2.2 The table should have a means for attaching thebottom of the wrapped te
11、st unit securely to the table (forexample, threaded holes in the table surface for bolting a palletsecurely to the table).5.3 Accelerometer (optional), to measure the output re-sponse of the test load at various vibration table input frequen-cies. This is the most accurate way of determining the res
12、onantfrequency of the test load.6. Procedure6.1 Prepare the test load. Arrange the units comprising thetest load in layers and stack them in the manner normally usedfor shipping the product.6.2 When the units are normally shipped on pallets, stackthe units on the pallet in the normal manner.6.3 When
13、 the units are normally shipped on slip sheetswithout pallets, stack the units on slip sheets and affix thebottom layer to the slip sheet in the normal manner (glue, hotmelt adhesive, and adhesion promoter). The slip sheet shouldhave been fixed previously to a pallet surface to provide ameans of sec
14、uring the load to the vibration table.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizingand Unitizing of Loads.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Las
15、t previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5415 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copy
16、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.4 Wrap the test load with the stretch-wrap film at apredetermined percent stretch and wrap cycle.6.5 Allow the wrapped load to stand undisturbed for aminimum of 16 h before testing. This g
17、ives the stress retentionforces in the stretched wrapping material time to equilibrate.6.6 Place the test load on the vibration table and secure itfirmly in place.6.7 Perform a frequency sweep, and determine the resonantfrequency of the entire wrapped test load. An accelerometerplaced on top of the
18、load monitored with a chart recorder or astorage oscilloscope is the most precise method of determiningthe resonant frequency. Alternatively, visual inspection cangenerally be used to determine the resonant frequency withsufficient accuracy. Further details of this resonance search testcan be found
19、in Test Methods D 999, Method C. Perform theremainder of the test at the determined resonant frequently.6.8 Begin the test with the vibration table at the resonantfrequency of the load and at 0.5 G (see Note) input amplitude(zero to peak). Vibrate the test load for 10 min, watching forload shifting,
20、 tearing, or splitting of the wrapping material, orother loss of load integrity. If the load survives, adjust theamplitude to 0.75 G while maintaining resonant frequency.Increase the input amplitude at 10-min intervals in 0.25-Gincrements up to a maximum of 1.25 G. A summary of thetesting schedule i
21、s shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 1G = gravity (see Terminology D 996).6.9 Discontinue the testing if the film tears or the cubeintegrity is lost before the entire test is completed. Record theG level at which the film failed and the number of min itsurvived at that G level. The film and wrap cycle combination
22、can be given a numerical rating by multiplying G levels by thenumber of minutes survived as shown in Fig. 1. If desired, aminimum acceptable rating can be established for qualifyingfilm or wrap cycles for use with the load tested.7. Report7.1 Report the following information:7.2 Test UnitComplete de
23、scription of the test load evalu-ated.7.2.1 Dimensions of each unit (outside dimensions).7.2.2 Dimensions of the unitized test load (circumferenceand height).7.2.3 Number of individual units per test load.7.2.4 Weight of each unit and total test load.7.3 Wrap Material:7.3.1 Supplier and material typ
24、e.7.3.2 Film thickness.7.3.3 Roll width.7.4 Wrap CycleComplete description of the wrap cycleused in the wrapping test load. Examples of wrap cycle andspiral wrap descriptions are as follows:7.4.1 Setting of dial or gear ratio used for desired percentstretch.7.4.2 Actual measured percent stretch.7.4.
25、3 Overlap up.7.4.4 Top dwell, revolutions.7.4.5 Overlap down.7.4.6 Bottom dwell, revolutions.7.4.7 Total table rotations.7.4.8 Film used (weight or unstretched footage, or both).7.4.9 Date and time wrapped and date and time testingbegan.FIG. 1 Summary of Testing ScheduleD 5415 95 (2007)27.5 Test Seq
26、uence:7.5.1 Resonance frequency of the test load.7.5.2 Duration and G level of each portion of the test.7.6 Wrapping Material Performance Rating:7.6.1 Time and G level at failure or indication (survival, ifthe material survived the entire test).7.6.2 Film rating (G multiplied by minutes duration), c
27、umu-lative (see Fig. 1).7.6.3 Type of FailureSome examples of failure modes areas follows:7.6.3.1 Tearing of material at the corners.7.6.3.2 Splitting of film on the side of the test load.7.6.3.3 Development of holes in film materials.7.6.3.4 Loss of test load integrity, such as the shifting of topl
28、ayers with respect to bottom layers to the point of topplingover or the migration of individual units out of the test load.7.6.4 Additional CommentsAdditional comments shouldbe made in the report concerning any other attributes of thewrapped load noted during the wrapping and vibration se-quence. No
29、te observations such as rounding or other cornerdamage from the wrapping material, or any crushing ordistortion of individual units.7.7 A sample report format that could be used for a specifictype of wrap material and wrapping equipment is shown inFig.1.8. Precision and Bias8.1 No statement is made
30、concerning either the precision orbias of this test method since the result states merely whetherthis is in conformance with the criteria for success specified bythe user of this test method.9. Keywords9.1 load containment; stretch wrap materials; thin films;vibrationASTM International takes no posi
31、tion respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibili
32、ty.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to AST
33、M International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address
34、shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5415 95 (2007)3
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