1、Designation: D 5416 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forEvaluating Abrasion Resistance of Stretch Wrap Films byVibration Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method compares the abrasion resistance ofsimilar types of stretch wrap films.1.2
3、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
4、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of ShippingContainers3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Sp
5、ecific to This Standard:3.2.1 overlapthe width of stretch wrap material thatcovers a previous layer of stretch wrap material.3.2.2 stretch wrap materiala material used for overwrap-ping, which when applied under tension, elongates and con-forms to the item(s) packaged through elastic recovery.3.2.3
6、wrap cyclethe series of operations used to wrap aload.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide only a compara-tive procedure for evaluating unknown films against a standardor control film whose performance has been defined asadequate in actual field conditions.4.2 This test
7、 method leaves open to the discretion of the userseveral key factors, including film wrap method, abrasionsurfaces, and definition of failure, so that it can be tailored toan individual users distribution parameters.4.3 This test method is meant to simulate, in an acceleratedmode, the abrasion that
8、an outer wrapping of film mightencounter in a typical shipping and distribution environment.4.4 This is a test procedure that allows the user to makerelative comparisons of the abrasion resistance of a film, suchas that the film is containing a palletized load while that loadis undergoing vibration.
9、5. Equipment and Preparation5.1 Load Wrapping ApparatusA machine or apparatus towrap the test load. The method of application is preferably asnear as possible to that used in an actual production situation(for example, stretch wrapper or manual wrapping unit).5.2 Vertical Vibration Table, preferably
10、 equipped with thecapability of varying the frequency or amplitude, or both, ofvibration in a controlled fashion and maintaining a set vibrationmode.5.3 Upright SupportsRigid upright supports that can bebolted or secured otherwise to the vibration table. Thesesupports shall also be adjusted laterall
11、y so as to confine the testload and prevent excessive side to side movement or toppling.5.4 Abrasive Surfaces, attached to the inner faces of uprightsupports so that the wrapped test load comes into contact withand abrades against this surface during the test sequence.5.4.1 The abrasive surface can
12、be composed of any one of avariety of possible substances, chosen at the users discretion,to simulate the actual abrasive surfaces that might be encoun-tered in the actual distribution cycle. Possibilities includerough side of exterior-grade plywood, wooden slats, corrugatedmetal, corrugated paperbo
13、ard, brick facings, and standard gritsandpaper.5.5 Timing DeviceStopwatch, clock, or timer.5.6 Accelerometer (optional), which may be used to mea-sure the output response of the test load at various vibrationtable input amplitudes. This is the most accurate way ofdetermining the resonant frequency o
14、f the test load.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizingand Unitizing of Loads.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition app
15、roved in 2001 as D 5416 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internation
16、al, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Procedure6.1 Prepare two single columns of units to be wrapped.6.2 Wrap each single column of units individually using themethod to be used under normal conditions.6.3 If other stretch levels are not defined i
17、n the productionsituation, the standard levels of stretch film application of 50,100, or 150 % stretch may be used.6.4 If it is desired to simulate a two-column-high stackingmode, a piece of corrugated or solid fiber slip sheet material orplastic sheet can be placed on top of the first columns, and
18、asecond column can be stacked on top of the first.6.5 Set the wrapped test column(s) on the vibration tableand confine on all sides with an upright support such that therough surface face is facing the test columns. Set the supportssufficiently close in to prevent toppling of the columns but notclos
19、e enough to restrict the free movement response to vibra-tion.6.6 Perform a frequency sweep, and determine the resonantfrequency of the entire wrapped test load. An accelerometerplaced on top of the load monitored with a chart recorder or astorage oscilloscope is the most precise method of determini
20、ngthe resonant frequency. As an alternative, visual inspection cangenerally be used to determine the resonant frequency withsufficient accuracy. Further details of this resonance search testcan be found in Test Methods D 999, Method C. Perform theremainder of the test at the resonant vibration frequ
21、ency.6.7 Vibrate the wrapped test column on the vibration appa-ratus for a predetermined total time (for example, 60 min). Atselected intervals during the test (for example, 10 or 15 min),stop the apparatus and inspect the wrap on the load on all sidesfor signs of abrasion, holes, or tears, and reco
22、rd the observa-tion. Inspect and measure the abrasion at the top, center, andbottom of the column, and record the position of any visibleabrasion. Continue the test for the predetermined total testtimes or until the film reaches failure.6.8 Record the amount of damage at the end of the testperiod or
23、 time to failure.7. Report7.1 Report the following information:7.2 Test Unit:7.2.1 Dimensions of each unit (outside diameter).7.2.2 Weight of each unit.7.2.3 Number of units per column on the wrapped load.7.3 Test FilmComplete description (caliper, grade, androll width).7.4 Wrap CycleExamples includ
24、ing the following:7.4.1 Stretch film (spiral).7.4.2 Percent stretch.7.4.3 Stretch wrapper settings.7.4.4 Revolutions at bottom.7.4.5 Overlap up and down.7.4.6 Revolutions at top.7.5 Abrasion Surface on Upright SupportsComplete de-scription (see 5.4.1).7.6 Test Sequence:7.6.1 Resonance frequency or m
25、achine setting at which thetest is run.7.6.2 Total test duration.7.6.3 Inspection interval.7.7 Performance RatingTime to failure or description ofthe extent of abrasion after the total test cycle. Examples ofpossible failure modes include the following:7.7.1 Holes in one or more outer layers of the
26、film wrap butnot completely through all layers.7.7.2 Hole worn completely through all layers of the filmwrap.7.7.3 Tearing of the film at the corners of the load.7.7.4 Splitting of film (note the extent of the split propaga-tion).8. Precision and Bias8.1 No statement is made concerning the precision
27、 or bias ofthis test method since the results state merely whether this is inconformance with the criteria for success specified by the userof this test method.9. Keywords9.1 abrasion resistance; stretch wrap; thin filmsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent right
28、s asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any t
29、ime by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will
30、 receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM
31、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5416 95 (2007)2
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