1、Designation: D 5425 02An American National StandardStandard Guide forDevelopment of Fire Hazard Assessment Standards ofElectrotechnical Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5425; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of firehazard assessment standards
3、for electrotechnical products. Forthe purposes of this guide, products include materials, compo-nents, and end-use products.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmfulto people, animals, or property.1.3 This fire standard
4、cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation2E 176 Terminology Relating to Fire Standards3E 603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments3E 1546 Guide for the Development of Fire Hazard Assess-ment Standards3E 206
5、1 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation Vehicles3E 2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire Tests32.2 NFPA Codes and Standards:4NFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probabilityof FlashoverNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.3 International
6、 Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Stan-dards:5IEC 60695-1-1 Fire Hazard Testing - Part 1-1: Guidance forassessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products -General guidelinesIEC 60695-1-2 Fire Hazard Testing - Part 1-2: Guidance forthe preparation of requirements and test specifications forasse
7、ssing fire hazard of electrotechnical products. Guid-ance for electronic components.IEC 60695-1-3 Fire Hazard Testing - Part 1-3: Guidance forthe preparation of requirements and test specifications forassessing fire hazard of electrotechnical products. Guid-ance for use of preselection proceduresIEC
8、 60695-4 Fire Hazard Testing - Part 4: TerminologyConcerning Fire Tests2.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:6ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary3. Terminology3.1 Use Terminology E 176, ISO 13943, and IEC 60695-11, ed. 3, 199911 as the guides for terminology on fire issues(
9、see 5.1). Where differences exist in definitions, use thosecontained in Terminology E 176.3.1.1 Terminology D 1711 should be used as the guide forterminology on issues associated with electrical or electronicinsulating materials.3.2 Use Terminology D 1711 as the guide for terminologyon issues associ
10、ated with electrical and electronic insulatingmaterials.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 electrotechnical product, nitem that generates oruses electrical power as a source of energy or that is associatedwith the conduction or transmission of electrical signals orpower.3.3.1.1
11、 DiscussionElectrotechnical products include thematerials insulating electrical wires and cables and the mate-rials enclosing other products that generate or are fed byelectricity, as well as the products themselves and all of theirparts.3.3.2 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions,inc
12、luding environmental, of one or more of the stages frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire at specific location, or in a full-scale simulation.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical andElectronic Insulating Materials and is the direct r
13、esponsibility of SubcommitteeD09.21 on Fire Performance Standards.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originallypublished as D 5425 94. Last previous edition D 5425 00.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.4Available from Nat
14、ional Fire Protection Association (NFPA), BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.5Available from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3 Rue de Varembe,Geneva, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42ndStreet, New York, NY, 10046.6Available from International Organ
15、ization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institute,11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3.3 products, nmaterial
16、, component, or end-use prod-uct.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking thedevelopment of fire hazard assessment standards for electro-technical products. Such standards are expected to be useful tomanufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorit
17、ieshaving jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on anapproach to the development of a fire hazard assessmentstandard; fixed procedures are not established. Any limitationsin the availability of data, of appropriate test procedures, ofadequate fire models, or in the advancem
18、ent of scientificknowledge will place significant constraints upon the proce-dure for the assessment of fire hazard.4.3 The focus of this guide is on fire assessment standardsfor electrotechnical products. However, insofar as the conceptsin this guide are consistent with those of Guide E 1546, thege
19、neral concepts presented also may be applicable to pro-cesses, activities, occupancies, and buildings. Guide E 2061contains an example of how to use information on fire-test-response characteristics of electrotechnical products (electriccables) in a fire hazard assessment for a specific occupancy(ra
20、il transportation vehicle).4.4 A standard developed following this guide should notattempt to set a safety threshold or other pass/fail criteria. Sucha standard should specify all steps required to determine firehazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/failcriteria can be meaningfully set
21、 by authorities having jurisdic-tion.5. General Concepts5.1 It is important to understand and maintain the differ-ences between fire hazard and fire risk.5.1.1 Fire hazard is defined in Terminology E 176 as:5.1.1.1 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associatedwith fire.5.1.2 DiscussionA fire may p
22、ose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards areassociated with the environment and with a number of fire testresponse characteristics of materials, products, or assembliesincluding, but not limited to, ease of ignition, flame spread, rateof heat release, smoke gener
23、ation and obscuration, toxicity ofcombustion products and ease of extinguishment.5.1.3 Fire hazard is defined in IEC 60695-11, ed. 3,199911 as:5.1.3.1 fire hazard, nthe possible danger of personalinjury or damage to property by fire.5.1.4 Fire risk is defined in Terminology E 176 as:5.1.4.1 fire ris
24、k, nan estimation of expected fire loss thatcombines the potential for harm in various fire scenarios thatcan occur with the probabilities of occurrence of those sce-narios.5.1.5 DiscussionRisk may be defined as the probability ofhaving a certain type of fire, where the type of fire may bedefined in
25、 whole or in part by the degree of potential harmassociated with it or as potential for harm weighted byassociated probabilities. However it is defined, no risk scaleimplies a single value of acceptable risk. Different individualspresented with the same risk situation may have differentopinions on i
26、ts acceptability.5.1.6 Fire risk is defined in IEC 60695-11, ed. 3, 199911as:5.1.6.1 fire risk, nthe probability of fire.5.1.7 DiscussionThe risk is described in terms of prob-ability, combining the frequency of occurrence of an undesiredevent to be expected in a given technical operation or state,
27、andthe extent of damage to be expected on the occurrence of theevent.5.2 The primary concern in the fire hazard assessment ofelectrotechnical products is to minimize the fire hazard result-ing when such products ignite. Should a fire start, it is thendesirable to limit the fire propagation. Give con
28、sideration toexternal events, such as the outbreak of a fire in the environ-ment. In general, however, disregard deliberate misuse of anelectrotechnical product, in the fire hazard assessment.5.3 Give consideration also to heat release (both rate andamount) and opacity, toxicity and corrosivity of t
29、he smokefrom a burning product and any necessary ability to functionunder fire conditions. These hazards are directly related to theignition and fire propagation. The emission of gases may also,under certain circumstances, lead to the possibility of explo-sion.5.4 Certain electrotechnical products s
30、uch as large enclo-sures, insulated cables, and conduits, may in fact replace largeportions of surfaces and finishing materials of building con-struction or may penetrate fire-resisting walls. In these circum-stances, the requirements for fire performance of the electro-technical products, when expo
31、sed to an external fire, mustensure that they do not contribute to the hazard of fire to agreater degree than is permitted by the building materials orstructures that are replaced.5.5 Following a detailed review of all of the expectedhazards as related to a specific fire scenario, the final hazardas
32、sessment standards, as drafted, should include a series oftests or a single test, as appropriate, to address the specifichazard(s) defined. Single test standards are acceptable if theyaddress the major hazard(s) defined or are interrelated to thevarious components involved.5.6 In order to design ele
33、ctrotechnical products with accept-able characteristics for minimizing fire hazard, pay carefulattention to the permissible mechanical, electrical and thermalstresses. This should minimize the fire hazard under allconditions of use: normal operation, foreseeable deviationsfrom normal use and faulty
34、operation conditions. The desiredlevel of fire hazard is achievable by the procedures in 5.6.1-5.6.3:5.6.1 The use of parts or circuit design and protection, orboth, which, under overload or failure, are not likely to igniteor to cause ignition;5.6.2 The use of parts, including enclosures, which are
35、sufficiently resistant to probable ignition sources and heatwithin an electrotechnical product; or,5.6.3 The use of designs that will adequately resist thepropagation of fire spread and surface spread by fire.D54250226. Types of Fire Tests6.1 Technical committees engaged in the preparation ofrequire
36、ments and test specifications with regard to fire involv-ing electrotechnical products should recognize the followingtypes of tests:6.1.1 Fire Simulation Tests:6.1.1.1 These tests examine the reaction to fire of electro-technical products, in a way as representative as possible of theuse of the prod
37、uct in practice.6.1.1.2 When the actual conditions of use (including fore-seeable abnormal use, malfunction, or failure) of a product aresimulated as closely as possible, and the design of the testprocedure is related to the actual fire hazard, such tests arelikely to assess one or more relevant asp
38、ects of the fire hazardassociated with the use of the product under consideration in aspecific scenario. The results of this type of test are thus wellsuited for use as elements of a fire hazard assessment that takesinto account all the factors pertinent to an assessment of the firehazard of the ele
39、ctrotechnical product in a particular end use.6.1.1.3 Do not use the results of fire simulation tests for firehazard assessment when a change of product design is made, orwhen conditions of use are changed from those simulated in thetest.6.1.1.4 Since such tests are designed specifically for adetail
40、ed fire scenario, they often do not become test standards.6.1.2 Fire Resistance Tests:6.1.2.1 These tests are intended to assess the ability of anelectrotechnical product, or one of its parts, to preserve thevarious properties necessary for its use, under specified condi-tions of exposure to fire an
41、d for a stated period of time. In otherwords, these tests measure continuity of operation.6.1.2.2 They are intended to provide data on the electricalbehavior and performance of an electrotechnical product, orfinished assembly, under a particular condition of exposure toheat or flame.6.1.2.3 Recent s
42、tudies show a need for very careful consid-eration of the test conditions and comparison with the actualfire situation and to the possible effect of any uncontrolledvariables, such as the environment in which the product isplaced.6.1.2.4 It is unlikely that the results of fire resistance testsare di
43、rectly applicable to fire hazard assessment of the corre-sponding electrotechnical product.6.1.3 Combustion Characteristic Tests:6.1.3.1 These tests examine the reaction to fire of smallstandardized specimens under controlled conditions. Thesetests are used to give data on properties related to the
44、burningbehavior of the materials, components or end-use productstested. They are also useful for comparative evaluations. Thefire properties measured include, but are not limited to,flammability, ignitability, flame spread rate, smoke density, fireeffluent generation, and heat release rate. Examples
45、 of suchtests include the application of a number of fire-test-responsestandards to electrotechnical products.6.1.3.2 The data provided by such tests are usually notrepresentative of fire performance under conditions other thanthose to which the specimen is subjected. Combustion charac-teristic test
46、s are most useful when designed to simulate asclosely as possible the situation to which materials, compo-nents, or end-use products may be exposed in actual use. Theymay then lead to the proper selection of materials, components,and end-use products, which will meet the appropriate require-ment whe
47、n testing the complete product.6.1.3.3 These tests measure responses of electrotechnicalmaterials, components, or end-use products to heat or flameunder controlled laboratory conditions. They are a step furtheraway from real fire conditions when compared to fire simula-tion tests. However, when done
48、 appropriately, results fromthese tests, in combination with those from other tests, may beuseful as elements of the fire hazard assessment of an electro-technical product in a particular end use once all the pertinentfactors are taken into account.6.1.4 “Basic Property” Tests:6.1.4.1 These tests ar
49、e designed to measure one basicphysical or chemical property of a material. They yieldinformation that is, at least to some extent, independent of thetesting method. Some examples of such properties are: heat ofcombustion, heat of vaporization, thermal conductivity, ormelting point.6.1.4.2 In a real fire situation, a number of such propertiescollectively affect the fire behavior of the electrotechnicalproduct. However, a single basic property measurement will, atmost, define only a single aspect of the fire hazard associatedwith a system. Thus, it is unlikely that the
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