1、Designation: D 5434 09Standard Guide forField Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide describes the type of information that shouldbe recorded during field subsurface explorations in soil androck.1.2 This
3、guide is not intended to specify all of the informa-tion required for preparing field logs. Such requirements willvary depending on the purpose of the investigation, theintended use of the field log, and particular needs of the clientor user.1.3 This guide is applicable to boreholes, auger holes,exc
4、avated pits, or other subsurface exposures such as road sidecuts or stream banks. This guide may serve as a supplement toGuide D 420.1.4 This guide may not be suited to all types of subsurfaceexploration such as mining, agricultural, geologic hazardouswaste, or other special types of exploration.1.5
5、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide off
6、ers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. Th
7、is ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care of which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only t
8、hat the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and
9、Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 2488 Practice for Description and I
10、dentification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 2573 Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in CohesiveSoilD 3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Testsof SoilD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agenc
11、iesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4403 Practice for Extensometers Used in RockD 4544 Practice for
12、 Estimating Peat Deposit ThicknessD 4623 Test Method for Determination of In Situ Stress inRock Mass by Overcoring MethodUSBM BoreholeDeformation GaugeD 4633 Test Method for Energy Measurement for DynamicPenetrometersD 4645 Test Method for Determination of In-Situ Stress inRock Using Hydraulic Fract
13、uring MethodD 4719 Test Methods for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing inSoilsD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 4879 Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-ground Openings in Rock1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofA
14、STM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of D18.07 onIdentification and Classification of Soils.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 5434 03.2For referenced ASTM standard, visit the
15、 ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ofthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Ba
16、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore Samples3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Except as listed below, all definitions are inaccordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stan
17、dard:3.2.1 field loga record prepared during subsurface explo-rations of soil and rock to document procedures used, test data,descriptions of materials and depths where encountered,ground water conditions, and other information.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes the type of information that
18、 shouldbe recorded during the execution of field subsurface explora-tions in soil and rock. The information described relates to theproject, personnel, methods of investigation and equipmentused, visual description of subsurface materials and groundwater conditions, in-situ testing, installation of
19、monitoringequipment, and other data that may be appropriate.5. Significance and Use5.1 The preparation of field logs provides documentation offield exploration procedures and findings for geotechnical,geologic, hydrogeologic, and other investigations of subsurfacesite conditions. This guide may be u
20、sed for a broad range ofinvestigations.5.2 The recorded information in a field log will depend onthe specific purpose of the site investigation. All of theinformation given in this guide need not appear in all field logs.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the co
21、mpetence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective sampling. Users of this practice are cautioned that compli-ance with Practice D 3740 does not
22、 in itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides ameans of evaluating some of those factors.6. Summary of Work6.1 Soil and rock field logs should include the followingwritten information:6.1.1 Project information should include:6.1.1.1 Name and loc
23、ation of the project or project number,or both,6.1.1.2 Name of personnel onsite during the exploration,such as drilling crew, supervisor, geologist, engineer, andtechnicians,6.1.1.3 Names and addresses of organizations involved,6.1.1.4 Name of person(s) preparing log,6.1.1.5 Reference datum for proj
24、ect if available and descrip-tion of datum, and6.1.1.6 General remarks as appropriate.6.1.2 Exploration information should include:6.1.2.1 Exploration number and location (station and coor-dinates if available and applicable, position relative to a localpermanent reference which is identified, or ma
25、rkings of explo-ration location),6.1.2.2 Type of exploration, such as drill hole, auger hole,test pit, or road cut,6.1.2.3 Date and time of start and finish,6.1.2.4 Weather conditions including recent rain or otherevents that could affect subsurface conditions,6.1.2.5 Depth and size of completed exp
26、loration,6.1.2.6 The condition of exploration prior to and afterbackfilling or sealing, or both, and6.1.2.7 Method of backfilling or sealing exploration, orboth.6.1.3 Explorations by drill hole or auger hole should includethe following drilling information:6.1.3.1 Type and make (manufacture and mode
27、l if known)of drilling machine or description and name of contractor,6.1.3.2 Method of drilling or advancing and cleaning theborehole. State if air, water, or drilling fluid is used. Describetype, source of water and additives, concentration, and testsperformed on fluid,6.1.3.3 Size, type, and secti
28、on length of drilling rods (roddesignations should conform with Table 3 of Method D2113)and drilling bits used.6.1.3.4 Dates and times of each stage of operation and timeto complete intervals,6.1.3.5 Size of hole (diameter and depth),6.1.3.6 Ground elevation at top of borehole,6.1.3.7 Orientation of
29、 drill hole, if not vertical (azimuth orbearing and angle),NOTE 2Even with careful drilling, the actual subsurface path of bothvertical and inclined drill holes may be different from the intendeddirection of drilling. Deflection of the drill bit due to inclined bedding andhard boulders are some of t
30、he many reasons a drill hole might deviatefrom the intended direction. Drill holes that deviate from the intendeddirection can give erroneous data if not corrected. This can lead tosignificant interpretation errors of subsurface conditions and geologicstructure. Depending on intended use of the data
31、, it may be prudent toperform a borehole survey so the borehole spatial data can be corrected.6.1.3.8 Size and description of casing, if appropriate,method of casing installation (driven, drilled, or pushed) anddepth of cased portion of boring (casing size designationsshould conform with Table 2 of
32、Method D2113), hollow-stemaugers,6.1.3.9 Methods used for cleaning equipment or drillingtools, or both, when required, and6.1.3.10 Describe and state depth of any drilling problemssuch as borehole instability (cave in, squeezing hole, flowingsands), cobbles, lost drilling fluid, lost ground, obstruc
33、tion,fluid return color changes, and equipment problems.6.1.4 Exploration by test pit, road cut, stream cut, etc.,should include:6.1.4.1 Method of exploration,6.1.4.2 Equipment used for excavation,6.1.4.3 Type of shoring used, and6.1.4.4 Excavation problems: instability of cut (sloughing,caving, etc
34、.), depth of refusal, difficulty of excavating, etc.6.1.5 Subsurface information should include:6.1.5.1 Depth of changes and discontinuities in geologicmaterial and method used to establish change (such as PracticeD 4544).D54340926.1.5.2 Description of material encountered with origin orformation na
35、me, if possible, and type of samples used fordescription. The system or method of soil (such as PracticesD 2488 and D 4083) or rock description should be referenced.6.1.5.3 Description of nature of boundary between strata(gradual or abrupt, as appropriate) and other relevant structuralfeatures such
36、as breccia, slickensides, solution zones, discol-orations by weathering or hydrothermal fluids, and otherstratigraphic information.6.1.6 Soil or rock sampling and testing information shouldinclude:6.1.6.1 Depth of each sample and number (if used),6.1.6.2 Method of sampling (reference to appropriateA
37、STM standard, for example, Practice D 1452, Test MethodD 1586, Method D 1587, Practice D 3550, or other method).6.1.6.3 Description of sampler: inside and outside dimen-sions, length, type of metal, type of coating, and type of liner,6.1.6.4 Method of sampler insertion: pushed, cored, ordriven,6.1.6
38、.5 Sampler penetration and recovery lengths ofsamples (rock quality designation (RQD) and rate of coring inthe case of rock),6.1.6.6 Method of sample extrusion. Mark direction ofextrusion,6.1.6.7 Method of preserving samples and preparing fortransport (refer to Practices D 4220 or D 5079),6.1.6.8 Ma
39、rk top and bottom of samples and orientation, ifpossible,6.1.6.9 Depth and description of any in-situ test performed(reference to applicable ASTM standard, for example, TestMethods D 1586, D 2573, D 3441, D 4623, D 4633, D 4645,D 4719, or other tests if applicable),6.1.6.10 Description of any other
40、field tests conducted onsoil and rock during the exploration such as pH, hydraulicconductivity, pressuremeter geophysical, pocket penetrometer,soil gas/vapor analysis, or other tests, and6.1.6.11 Destination or recipient of samples and method oftransportation.6.1.7 Ground water information should in
41、clude:6.1.7.1 Depths and times at which ground water is encoun-tered, including seepage zones, if appropriate,6.1.7.2 In the case of drilling using drilling fluid, depth offluid surface in boring and drilling depth at the time of a notedloss or gain in drilling fluid,6.1.7.3 Depth to ground water le
42、vel at the completion ofdrilling and removal of drill steel and description of datum(note condition of borehole, for example, cased or uncased).Date and time measured,6.1.7.4 Depth to ground water level at some reported timeperiod following completion of drilling and description ofdatum, when possib
43、le.6.1.7.5 Method or equipment used to determine depth ofground water level, such as Test Method D 4750,6.1.7.6 Method and depth of ground water samples ob-tained, including size of samples taken and description ofsampler, and6.1.7.7 Description of any field tests conducted on groundwater samples su
44、ch as pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity,or odor.6.1.8 Information regarding installation of instrumentationor monitoring equipment should include:6.1.8.1 Type of equipment installed, for example, piezom-eters, monitoring well screens, inclinometer, including sizesand types of materials,6.1.8.
45、2 Depth and description of equipment installed (refer-ence to applicable ASTM standard, for example, PracticeD 4403, or other standards or procedures),6.1.8.3 Methods used for installation of equipment andmethod used for sealing annular space, and6.1.8.4 Methods used to protect equipment (casing cap
46、 orlocks).6.2 Soil and rock field logs should include the followingpictorial information:6.2.1 Maps, drawings, or sketches of area of exploration andsubsurface surfaces observed. Include pertinent surface infor-mation such as neighboring outcrops, as appropriate. Describesystem of mapping, such as G
47、uide D 4879 for rock, or legendfor symbols of materials. Include dimensions, directions, andslopes, and6.2.2 Photographs of activities, surfaces, or core. Describesequence, dates and time, direction, objects used for scale, andsubject.7. Keywords7.1 drilling; explorations; geologic investigations; g
48、roundwater; logging; preliminary investigations; sampling; soil in-vestigations; subsurface investigationsD5434093SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 5434 03) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1
49、, 2009.)(1) References to withdrawn Test Method D 4622 were re-moved from Section 2 and Section 6.1.8.2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised
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