1、Designation: D5449/D5449M 16Standard Test Method forTransverse Compressive Properties of Hoop WoundPolymer Matrix Composite Cylinders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5449/D5449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 Thi
3、s test method determines the transverse compressiveproperties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced byhigh-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoopwound (90) cylinders in axial compression for determinationof transverse compressive properties.1.2 The technical content of this
4、standard has been stablesince 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders.As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of thisstandard, changes since that date have been limited to itemsrequired to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Commit-tee standards, including edito
5、rial changes and incorporation ofupdated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environ-mental testing. The standard, therefore, should not be consid-ered to include any significant changes in approach andpractice since 1993. Future maintenance of the standard willonly be in response to specific r
6、equests and performed only astechnical support allows.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom
7、the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown inbrackets.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap
8、pro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2584 Test
9、Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced PlasticsD3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAbsorption Prop-erties and Equilibrium Conditionin
10、g of Polymer MatrixComposite MaterialsD5448/D5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Propertiesof Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite CylindersD5450/D5450M Test Method for Transverse Tensile Prop-erties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylin-dersE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machi
11、nesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room Te
12、mperatureE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Prec
13、ision of a Test MethodE1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 onLamina and Laminate Test Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Pub
14、lished July 2016. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5449/D5449M 11. DOI:10.1520/D5449_D5449M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume infor
15、mation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D3878 defines terms relatingto high-modulus fibers and their composites.
16、TerminologyD883 defines terms relating to plastics.Terminology E6 definesterms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 andPractice E177 defines terms relating to statistics. In the event ofa conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall haveprecedence over other standards.NOTE 1If the ter
17、m represents a physical quantity, its analyticaldimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) infundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: Mfor mass, L for length, T for time, for thermo
18、dynamic temperature,and nd for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restrictedto analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbolsmay have other definitions when used without the brackets.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:33.2.1 windingan entire par
19、t completed by one windingoperation and then cured.3.2.2 hoop wound, na winding of a cylindrical componentin which the filaments are circumferentially oriented.3.2.3 specimena single part cut from a winding. Eachwinding may yield several specimens.3.2.4 transverse compressive modulus, E22ML1T2,nthe
20、compressive elastic modulus of a unidirectional mate-rial in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.5 transverse compressive strength, 22uc, ML1T2,nthe strength of a unidirectional material when a compres-sive force is applied in the direction perpendicular to thereinforcing fiber
21、s.3.2.6 transverse compressive strain at failure, 22ucnd,nthe value of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers ina unidirectional material, at failure when a compressive force isapplied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A thin-walled hoop w
22、ound cylinder nominally 100 mm4 in. in diameter and 140 mm 512 in. in length is bondedinto two end fixtures. The specimen fixture assembly ismounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded incompression while recording force. The transverse compres-sive strength can be determined from the ma
23、ximum forcecarried before failure. If the cylinder strain is monitored withstrain gauges then the stress-strain response, the compressivestrain at failure, transverse compression modulus of elasticity,and Poissons ratio can be derived.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to produc
24、e transversecompressive property data for material specifications, researchand development, quality assurance, and structural design andanalysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressiveresponse and should therefore be reported are: material,method of material preparation, specimen preparat
25、ion, speci-men conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignmentand gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volumefraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtainedfrom this test method are:5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, 22uc,5.1.2 Transverse compressive strai
26、n at failure, 22uc,5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22,and5.1.4 Poissons ratio, 21.6. Interference6.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor material fab-rication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, anddamage induced by improper specimen machining are knowncauses of hig
27、h material data scatter in composites.6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test FixturesA high percentageof failures in or near the bond between the test specimen andthe test fixture, especially when combined with high materialdata scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.Specimen to fixture bondin
28、g is discussed in 11.5.6.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending may cause pre-mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occuras a result of misaligned grips, misaligned spec
29、imens in the testfixtures, or from departures of the specimens from tolerancerequirements. The alignment should always be checked asdiscussed in 13.2.7. Apparatus7.1 Micrometers and CalipersA micrometer witha4to7 mm 0.16 to 0.28 in. nominal diameter ball-interface or a flatanvil interface shall be u
30、sed to measure the specimen wallthickness, inner diameter, and outer diameter. A ball interfaceis recommended for these measurements when at least onesurface is irregular (e.g. a course peel ply surface, which isneither smooth nor flat). A micrometer or caliper with a flatanvil interface shall be us
31、ed for measuring the overall speci-men length, the gauge length (the free length between thefixtures) and other machined surface dimensions. The use ofalternative measurement devices is permitted if specified (oragreed to) by the test requestor and reported by the testinglaboratory.The accuracy of t
32、he instruments shall be suitable forreading to within1%ofthesample dimensions. For typicalspecimen geometries, an instrument with an accuracy of60.0025 mm 60.0001 in. is adequate for wall thicknessmeasurements, while an instrument with an accuracy of60.025 mm 60.001 in. is adequate for measurement o
33、f theinner diameter, outer diameter, overall specimen length, gaugelength, and other machined surface dimensions.7.2 Compression FixtureThe compression fixture consistsof a steel outer shell and insert.An assembly drawing for thesecomponents and the test fixture is shown in Fig. 1.3If the term repre
34、sents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are statedimmediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,using the followingASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shownwithin square brackets: M for mass, L for length, T for time, forthermodynamic te
35、mperature, and nd for nondimensional quantities. Use of thesesymbols is restricted to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as thesymbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets.D5449/D5449M 1627.2.1 Outer ShellThe outer shell (SI units Fig. 2, Englishunits Fig. 3)
36、is circular with a concentric circular hollow in oneface, a groove along the diameter of the other face, and a centerhole through the thickness. Along the diameter perpendicularto the groove, three pairs of small eccentric holes are placed atthree radial distances. The two outer pairs of holes areth
37、readed. Four additional threaded holes are placed at the sameradial distance as the innermost pair of holes at 90 intervalsstarting 45 from the diameter that passes through the centergroove.7.2.2 InsertThe fixture insert is circular with a center holethrough the thickness (SI units Fig. 4, English u
38、nits Fig. 5).Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outershell. The set of four holes at 90 intervals are counterbored.FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for the Compression Fixture andSpecimenFIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Compression
39、 Fixture in MetricUnitsFIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in EnglishUnitsFIG. 4 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in Metric UnitsD5449/D5449M 163The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the outer shell toform the concentric groove used to put the specimen in thefixture (Fig. 1)
40、.7.2.3 The outer shell and insert for the compression fixtureare the same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures instandard test methods D5448/D5448M and D5450/D5450M.7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:7.3.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essentially stationarymember.7.3.2 Movable Member.
41、7.3.3 Steel Platens, two, flat, one of which connects to theforce-sensing device and the other at the opposite end of theassembled test fixture. At least one (preferably both) of theseplatens is coupled to the test machine with a swivel joint, thatis, a hemispherical ball on the machine that fits in
42、to ahemispherical recess on one or both of the platens.7.3.4 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable mem-ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixedmember, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.7.3.5 Force IndicatorA suitable force-indicating mecha-nism capable of
43、showing the total compressive force carried bythe test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free ofinertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate theforce within an accuracy of 61 % of the actual value, or better.The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified inaccor
44、dance with Practice E4.7.3.6 Construction MaterialsThe fixed member, movablemember, platens, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall beconstructed of such materials and in such proportions that thetotal longitudinal deformation of the system contributed bythese parts is minimized.7.4 Strain-Indicating D
45、eviceForce versus strain data shallbe determined by means of bonded resistance strain gauges.Each strain gauge shall be 6.3 mm 0.25 in. in length. Thespecimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both theaxial and circumferential direction to determine Poissonsratio. Strain gauge rosettes (0/4
46、5/90) shall be used to correctfor gauge misalignment. Gauge calibration certification shallcomply with Test Method E251. Some guidelines on the use ofstrain gauges on composites are presented as follows.Ageneralreference on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.47.4.1 Surface PreparationThe surface prep
47、aration offiber-reinforced composites discussed in Guide E1237 canpenetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-forcing fibers, resulting in improper specimen failures. Rein-forcing fibers should not be exposed or damaged during thesurface preparation process. The strain gauge manufactu
48、rershould be consulted regarding surface preparation guidelinesand recommended bonding agents for composites, pending thedevelopment of a set of standard practices for strain gaugeinstallation surface preparation of fiber-reinforced compositematerials.7.4.2 Gauge ResistanceConsideration should be gi
49、ven tothe selection of gauges having larger resistance to reduceheating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of350 or higher are preferred.Additional considerations shouldbe given to the use of the minimum possible gauge excitationvoltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 V isrecommended) to reduce further the power consumed by thegauge. Heating of the specimen by the gauge may affect theperformance of the material directly, or it may affect theindicated strain as a resu
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