1、Designation: D5450/D5450M 16Standard Test Method forTransverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound PolymerMatrix Composite Cylinders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5450/D5450M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This te
3、st method determines the transverse tensile prop-erties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced byhigh-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoopwound (90) cylinders in axial tension for determination oftransverse tensile properties.1.2 The technical content of this standard has b
4、een stablesince 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders.As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of thisstandard, changes since that date have been limited to itemsrequired to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Commit-tee standards, including editorial changes a
5、nd incorporation ofupdated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environ-mental testing. The standard, therefore, should not be consid-ered to include any significant changes in approach andpractice since 1993. Future maintenance of the standard willonly be in response to specific requests and pe
6、rformed only astechnical support allows.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two system
7、s may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown inbrackets.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
8、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2584 Test Method for Ig
9、nition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced PlasticsD3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAbsorption Prop-erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer
10、MatrixComposite MaterialsD5448/D5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Propertiesof Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite CylindersD5449/D5449M Test Method for Transverse CompressiveProperties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix CompositeCylindersE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Termino
11、logy Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus,and Chord ModulusE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room Temperatu
12、reE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision o
13、f a Test MethodE1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 onComposite Materialsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 onLamina and Laminate Test Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published J
14、uly 2016. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5450/D5450M 12. DOI:10.1520/D5450_D5450M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D3878 defines terms relatingto high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminol
16、ogyD883 defines terms relating to plastics.Terminology E6 definesterms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 andPractice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event ofa conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall haveprecedence over other standards.NOTE 1If the term represe
17、nts a physical quantity, its analyticaldimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) infundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: Mfor mass, L for length, T for time, for thermodynamic t
18、emperature,and nd for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restrictedto analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbolsmay have other definitions when used without the brackets.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hoop wound, na winding of a cy
19、lindrical componentwhere the filaments are circumferentially oriented.3.2.2 specimen, na single part cut from a winding. Eachwinding may yield several specimens.3.2.3 transverse tensile elastic modulus, E22ML1T2,nthe tensile elastic modulus of a unidirectional material inthe direction perpendicular
20、to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.4 transverse tensile strain at failure, 22utnd, nthevalue of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers in aunidirectional material, at failure when a tensile force isapplied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.5 transverse tensile strength
21、, 22ut, ML1T2,nthestrength of a unidirectional material when a tensile force isapplied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.6 winding, nan entire part completed by one windingoperation and then cured.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A thin walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100
22、 mm4 in. in diameter and 140 mm 5.5 in. in length is bondedinto two end fixtures. The specimen/fixture assembly ismounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded intension while recording force. The transverse tensile strengthcan be determined from the maximum force carried prior tofailure.
23、If the cylinder strain is monitored with strain gauges,then the stress-strain response of the material can be deter-mined. From the stress-strain response the transverse tensilestrain at failure, transverse tensile modulus of elasticity, andPoissons ratio can be derived.5. Significance and Use5.1 Th
24、is test method is used to produce transverse tensileproperty data for material specifications, research anddevelopment, quality assurance, and structural design andanalysis. Factors which influence the transverse tensile re-sponse and should, therefore, be reported are: material, meth-ods of materia
25、l preparation, specimen preparation, specimenconditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment andgripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volumefraction. Properties, in the test direction, which may beobtained from this test method include:5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength, 22ut,5
26、.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure, 22ut,5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, E22, and5.1.4 Poissons Ratio, 21.6. Interference6.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor material fab-rication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, anddamage induced by improper specimen machin
27、ing are knowncauses of high material data scatter in composites.6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test FixturesA high percentageof failures in or near the bond between the test specimen andthe test fixtures, especially when combined with high materialdata scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems
28、.Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.6.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending may cause pre-mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occurdue to misaligned gri
29、ps, misaligned specimens in the testfixtures, or from departures of the specimen from tolerancerequirements. The alignment should always be checked asdiscussed in 13.2.7. Apparatus7.1 Micrometers and CalipersA micrometer witha4to7 mm 0.16 to 0.28 in. nominal diameter ball-interface or a flatanvil in
30、terface shall be used to measure the specimen wallthickness, inner diameter, and outer diameter. A ball interfaceis recommended for these measurements when at least onesurface is irregular (e.g. a course peel ply surface, which isneither smooth nor flat). A micrometer or caliper with a flatanvil int
31、erface shall be used for measuring the overall speci-men length, the gauge length (the free length between thefixtures) and other machined surface dimensions. The use ofalternative measurement devices is permitted if specified (oragreed to) by the test requestor and reported by the testinglaboratory
32、.The accuracy of the instruments shall be suitable forreading to within1%ofthesample dimensions. For typicalspecimen geometries, an instrument with an accuracy of60.0025 mm 60.0001 in. is adequate for wall thicknessmeasurements, while an instrument with an accuracy of60.025 mm 60.001 in. is adequate
33、 for measurement of theinner diameter, outer diameter, overall specimen length, gaugelength, and other machined surface dimensions.7.2 Tension FixtureThe tension fixture consists of a steelouter shell, insert, load rod, and spherical washer.An assemblydrawing for these components and the test fixtur
34、e is seen inFig. 1.7.2.1 Outer ShellThe outer shell (metric units Fig. 2,english units Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circularhollow in one face, a grove along the diameter of the otherface, and a center hole through the thickness. Along thediameter perpendicular to the grove, three pairs of
35、smalleccentric holes are placed at three radial distances. The twoD5450/D5450M 162outer pairs of holes are threaded. Four additional threadedholes are placed at the same radial distance as the innermostpair of holes, at ninety degree intervals starting forty-fivedegrees from the diameter that passes
36、 through the center grove.7.2.2 InsertThe fixture insert is circular with a center holethrough the thickness (metric units Fig. 4, english units Fig. 5).Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outershell. The set of four hol
37、es at ninety degree intervals arecounterbored. The insert is fastened inside the hollow of theouter shell to form the concentric grove used to put thespecimen in the fixture (Fig. 1).7.2.3 Load Rod and Spherical WashersTwo sphericalwashers for self alignment are placed over a 0.750-UNC-2A 6.0 inch l
38、oad rod. The load rod is then slid through thecenter hole of the outer shell and insert assembly as illustratedin Fig. 1.7.2.4 The outer shell and insert for the tension fixture are thesame outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in TestMethods D5448/D5448M and D5449/D5449M.7.3 Testing Machine,
39、 comprised of the following:7.3.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essentially stationarymember to which one end of the tension specimen/fixtureassembly, shown in Fig. 1, can be attached.7.3.2 Movable MemberA movable member to which theopposite end of the tension specimen/fixture assembly, shownin Fig. 1, can
40、 be attached.7.3.3 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable mem-ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixedmember, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.7.3.4 Force IndicatorA suitable force-indicating mecha-nism capable of showing the total tensile force carried by
41、 thetest specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free ofinertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate theforce within an accuracy of 61 % of the actual value, or better.The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified inaccordance with Practice E4.FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing
42、 for Tension Fixture and SpecimenFIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in Metric UnitsFIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in English UnitsFIG. 4 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in Metric UnitsD5450/D5450M 1637.3.5 Construction MaterialsThe fixed member, movablemember, drive mecha
43、nism, and fixtures shall be constructed ofsuch materials and in such proportions that the total longitu-dinal deformation of the system contributed by these parts isminimized.7.4 Strain-Indicating DeviceForce versus strain data shallbe determined by means of bonded resistance strain gauges.Each stra
44、in gauge shall be 6.3 mm 0.25 in. in length. Thespecimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both theaxial and circumferential directions to determine Poissonsratio. Strain gauge rosettes (0/45/90) shall be used to correctfor gauge misalignment. Gauge calibration certification shallcomply wit
45、h Test Method E251. Some guidelines on the use ofstrain gauges on composites are as follows.Ageneral referenceon the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.37.4.1 Surface PreparationThe surface preparation offiber-reinforced composites, discussed in Practice E1237, canpenetrate the matrix material and cause
46、damage to the rein-forcing fibers, resulting in improper specimen failures. Rein-forcing fibers should not be exposed or damaged during thesurface preparation process. The strain gauge manufacturershould be consulted regarding surface preparation guidelinesand recommended bonding agents for composit
47、es, pending thedevelopment of a set of standard practices for strain gaugeinstallation surface preparation of fiber-reinforced compositematerials.7.4.2 Gauge ResistanceConsideration should be given tothe selection of gauges having larger resistance to reduceheating effects on low-conductivity materi
48、als. Resistances of350 or higher are preferred.Additional considerations shouldbe given to the use of the minimum possible gauge excitationvoltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 volts isrecommended) to further reduce the power consumed by thegauge. Heating of the specimen by the gauge
49、may affect theperformance of the material directly, or it may affect theindicated strain due to a difference between the gauge tempera-ture compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expan-sion of the specimen material.7.4.3 Temperature ConsiderationsConsideration of someform of temperature compensation is recommended, evenwhen testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperaturecompensation is required when testing in nonambient tempera-ture environments.7.4.4 Transverse SensitivityConsideration
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