1、Designation: D5500 98 (Reapproved 2014)D5500 16Standard Test Method forVehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure
3、for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded spark-ignitionengine fuels. This test method uses a 1985 model BMW 318i2 vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following a specified drivingschedule on either public road or test track. This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North
4、America/SouthwestResearch Institute Intake Valve Deposit test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. Chassisdynamometers shall not be used for this test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not intended to be applicable tochassis dynamometers and no correlation be
5、tween road operation and chassis dynamometers has been established.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D5500, contact ASTM International.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.2.1 Exceptio
6、nThe values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
7、regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific statements on hazards are given throughout this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)2.2 ANSI Standard:MC 96.1 American National Standard for Te
8、mperature Measurement Thermocouples43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 alternate mileage accumulation (AMA) driving cycle, na driving schedule that is based on the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency Durability Driving Schedule, which contains various driving patt
9、erns for durability testing of emission controlsystems.53.1.2 base fuel, nunleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but maycontain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and oxygenates.3.1.3 deposit control additive, nmaterial a
10、dded to the base fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intakesystem.3.1.3.1 Discussion1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gaso
11、line-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Jan. 1, 2016. Published November 2014February 2016. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20082014as D5500 98(2008).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D5500-98R14.10.1520/D5500-16.2 Originally obtained from BMW NA new car dealersh
12、ips in the United States as a 1985 model year vehicle, the vehicle is currently available through the used vehiclemarket.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
13、 to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix IV.This document is not an ASTM standard and is inte
14、nded only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the curre
15、nt versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1For the purpose of this test met
16、hod, the performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited to the tulip area of intakevalves.3.1.4 driveability, nthe quality of a vehicles performance characteristics as perceived by the operator in response to changesin throttle position.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe performance characterist
17、ics may include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock, and hot starting.3.1.5 intake system, ncomponents of the engine whose function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to thecombustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold hot spot and runners, exhaust gas r
18、ecirculation (EGR) and positivecrankcase ventilation (PCV) ports, cylinder head runners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.3.1.6 intake valve deposit, nmaterial accumulated on the tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon, otherfuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition
19、 products, and atmospheric contaminants.3.1.7 merit rating, nthe visual evaluation by a trained rater of the volume of deposits accumulated on a specific enginecomponent based on a comparison with a reference scale (see CRC Manual 166).3.1.8 test fuel, nbase fuel with or without the addition of a de
20、posit control additive which is used to accumulate mileage asdescribed in this test method.3.1.9 vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe), ncombustion products from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons (HC),carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx).4.
21、 Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method utilizes a 1985 BMW 318i vehicle equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and air conditioning.This vehicle is equipped with a four-stroke cycle, four-cylinder engine having a total displacement of 1.8 L. The cylinder head isan aluminum alloy cast
22、ing and the cylinder block is cast iron.The engine features an overhead camshaft, hemispherical combustionchambers, two valves per cylinder, and electronic port fuel injection.4.2 Each test begins with a clean, rebuilt cylinder head that meets a rigid set of specifications. New, weighed intake valve
23、s areused to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil is used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. All routine vehiclemaintenance is performed in accordance with BMW Schedule I and Schedule II service lists. The test vehicles fuel system isflushed of fuel from the previous test.
24、The vehicle fuel tank is then filled with the new test fuel. The vehicle is subjected to arigorous quality control procedure to verify proper engine and overall vehicle operation. To ensure compliance to the test objective,a data logger is active at all times after the test has begun, during all mil
25、eage accumulation and soak time.4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 10 % (based on mileage) city (part of the AMA driving schedule), 20 %suburban, and 70 % highway mode per day. This cycle is repeated to accumulate a minimum of 16 090 km (10 000 miles)16 090 km (10 000 miles) but no
26、 more than 16 250 km (10 100 16 250 km (10 100 miles).4.4 After the required mileage (see 10.4.510.4.5) has been accumulated, the cylinder head is removed from the engine anddisassembled. The valves are weighed, visually assigned merit ratings, and photographed. Operational and mechanical criteria a
27、rethen reviewed to determine if the test shall be considered valid.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test MethodIt was determined through field testing that intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveability ofcertain automobiles.7 Southwest Research Institute and BMW of North America (BMW NA) j
28、ointly conducted testing to developthis test method to determine an unleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuels propensity to form intake valve deposits. Thistesting concluded that if an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits at or below a certain averageweight pe
29、r valve at the end of mileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could be used in the BMWvehicle-engine combination for a specified period without intake valve deposits causing driveability degradation. Minimizingintake valve deposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle d
30、riveability and tailpipe emissions control.5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory ActionLegislative activity and rulemaking primarily by California AirResources Board8 and the Environmental Protection Agency9 necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test method to evaluatethe intake
31、system deposit forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.6 CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating Manual. Available from the Coordinating Research Council Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, Atlanta, GA30346.7 Bitting, B., et al., “Intake Valve Deposits-Fuel Deterge
32、ncy Revisited,” SAE 872117, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.8 State of California Air Resources Board-Stationary Source Division, Test Method for Evaluating Intake Valve Deposits (IVDs) in Vehicle Engines (California Code ofRegulations, Title 13, Section 2257).9 Clean Air Act Amendments of 199
33、0.D5500 1625.1.2 Relevance of ResultsThe operating conditions and design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are notrepresentative of all modern automobiles. These factors shall be considered when interpreting test results.5.2 Test Validity:5.2.1 Procedural ComplianceThe test results
34、are not considered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with allrequirements of this test method. Deviations from the parameter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in an invalidtest. Engineering judgment shall be applied during conduct of the test method when assessing any
35、 anomalies to ensure validity ofthe test results.5.2.2 Vehicle ComplianceA test is not considered valid unless the vehicle met the quality control inspection requirements asdescribed in Section 10.6. Apparatus6.1 AutomobileThe test automobile used for this procedure is a 1985 model BMW 318i. The pow
36、erplant is a 1.8 L-line1.8 L-line four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine with single overhead camshaft, two valves per cylinder, and electronic port fuelinjection. Vehicles equipped with four-speed automatic transmissions and air conditioning are required for the test method. Both49 state and Calif
37、ornia engine calibrations are allowed for this test method.6.1.1 Engine Cooling SystemExperience has shown that the original equipment cooling system has marginal performance atambient conditions above approximately 35C (95F).35 C (95 F). To ensure engine coolant temperature compliance with testvali
38、dity criteria in 10.4.3, the vehicle may be retrofitted with the radiator and other appropriate components as outlined in AnnexA1.6.1.2 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors InjectorsPrior to installation, all injectors shall be evaluated for conformance tospray-pattern and flow rate acceptance criteria (s
39、ee 8.5). Injectors may be reused if the criteria are satisfied.6.1.3 TiresTires shall be size P195/60R14, maintained at 190610 kPa (2861 psi).190 kPa610 kPa (28 psi61 psi).6.1.4 Miscellaneous PartsAll powertrain components, front end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust system,except as s
40、pecified, shall be original equipment, original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equivalent.6.1.5 New Engine Parts RequiredTable 1 contains those new parts with the corresponding BMW NA part number to be usedfor preparing the vehicle to run this test method.6.1.5.1 Other parts may be nec
41、essary and are listed in Annex A2.6.1.6 Disable Cruise ControlDisconnect cruise control cable from the throttle. The cruise control shall not be used for thistest method.6.1.7 Reusable Engine PartsThe parts listed in Table 2 may be reused. The replacement frequency is noted in the footnotes.All part
42、s shall be discarded when they become unserviceable. See Annex A3 for guidelines regarding the reuse of parts.6.2 Laboratory Facilities:6.2.1 Engine/Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the engine build-up andmeasurement area shall be reasonably free of contaminants a
43、nd maintained at a uniform temperature63C (65F)63 C (65 F)between 1010 C to 27C (5027 C (50 F to 80F).80 F). Uniform temperature is necessary to ensure repeatable dimensionalmeasurements and deposit evaluation. The specific humidity shall be maintained at a uniform comfortable level.6.2.2 Part Ratin
44、g and Intake Valve Weighing AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the rating and weighing area shall be reasonablyfree of contaminants. The induction system ratings shall be performed in accordance to CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and InductionSystem Rating Manual.6.2.3 Fuel Injector Testing AreaThe ambient atm
45、osphere of the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be maintained at a uniform level to ensure repeatable measurements. This areashall be ventilated for health and safety reasons in accordance with all regulations. (WarningProvide ade
46、quate ventilation andfire protection in areas where flammable or volatile liquids and solvents, or both, are used. Suitable protective clothing isrecommended.)6.2.4 Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area The ambient atmosphere of the intake valve rinsing and parts cleaningarea shall be reasona
47、bly free of contaminants. The temperature shall be maintained at 63C (65F)63 C (65 F) betweenTABLE 1 New Engine Parts ListsPart Part No.Filter, fuel 13 32 1 270 038Filter, oil 11 42 1 278 059Gasket, head set 11 12 1 287 381Gasket, water 11 51 0 686 135Jet valve, nozzle 11 12 1 250 937Spark plug 12 1
48、2 1 272 128Thermostat 11 53 1 468 056Valve, intake 11 34 1 254 625D5500 1631010 C to 27C (5027 C (50 F to 80F).80 F). The specific humidity shall be maintained at a uniform comfortable level.Because of the delicate nature of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes in temperature
49、 or humidity.(WarningSee 6.2.3.)6.2.5 Garage/Maintenance AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the garage/maintenance area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be maintained at a uniform, comfortable level. Because of the delicate natureof the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes in temperature or humidity. (WarningAdequate ventilation andfire protection are necessary in areas where automotive spark-ignition engine fuel and deposit control additives are handled, and
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