1、Designation: D5514/D5514M 18Standard Test Method forLarge-Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5514/D5514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method evaluates the stress/time properties ofgeosynthetics by using hydrostatic pressure to compress t
3、hegeosynthetic over synthetic or natural test bases consisting ofmanufactured test pyramids/cones, rocks, soil, or voids.1.2 This test method allows the user to determine therelative failure mode or points of failure for geosynthetics, orboth.1.3 This test method offers two distinct procedures:1.3.1
4、 Procedure A incorporates manufactured test pyramidsor cones as the base of the testing apparatus. Procedure A isintended to create comparable data between laboratories, andcan be used as a guide for routine acceptance tests for variousmaterials.1.3.2 Procedures B and C incorporate site-specific soi
5、l orother material selected by the user as the test base of the testingapparatus. Procedures B and C are methods for geosyntheticdesign for a specific site.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not b
6、e exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
7、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specific warning statement, see Section 6.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally
8、recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D792 Test Method
9、s for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedures)D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5199 Test Method for Me
10、asuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area ofGeotextilesD5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness of Tex-tured GeomembranesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for test
11、ing geomembranes, nair main-tained at a relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and a temperatureof 21 6 2 C 70 6 4 F.3.1.2 critical height (ch), nthe maximum exposed heightof a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure ofa geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a givenperiod of t
12、ime.3.1.3 failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pres-sure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic.3.1.4 hydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which allthe principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), asin a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a
13、 gagedpressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquidand the difference in elevation between the given point and thefree water elevation.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D4439.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D5514/D5514M 14.DOI: 10.1520/D5514_D5514M-18.2For referenced ASTM standar
15、ds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
16、9428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tec
17、hnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Significance and Use4.1 Procedure AThis procedure is an index-type testwhich can be used as a guide for acceptance of commercialshipments of geosynthetics. The standard cone and pyramidtest fixtures can establish critical height (ch) consistency withsimil
18、ar material from previous lots or different suppliers, aswell as testing from other laboratories. However, due to thetime required to perform tests, it is generally not recommendedfor routine acceptance testing.4.2 Procedures B and CThese procedures are perfor-mance tests intended as a design aid us
19、ed to simulate the in-situbehavior of geosynthetics under hydrostatic compression.These test methods may assist a design engineer in comparingthe ability of several candidate geosynthetic materials toconform to a site-specific subgrade under specified use andconditions. In procedure B, the pressure
20、is increased until afailure is observed. In procedure C, a given set of conditions(pressure, temperature and test duration) are maintained con-stant and the performance of the system is observed at the endof the test.5. Apparatus5.1 For safe operation, the test vessel should have anappropriate ASME
21、pressure rating. The maximum pressurerating of the vessel is dependent on the material being testedand expected pressures to be encountered. Pressure can beachieved from a regulated air system or a hydraulic pump.5.2 Subgrade Pan, several removable pans for configuringvarious subgrades. Subgrade pan
22、s are to be built with a depthof 102 mm 4 in., and with drain holes in the bottom of the panto allow the pressurizing medium to flow through. The sub-grade pan shall be constructed of a suitable material to supporta load of 1800 kPa 250 psi.5.3 Leak Detection System, can be designed by usingdisplace
23、ment floats, moisture sensor, pressure sensors, a sightglass, or other means that will accurately detect failure.5.4 Layout Grid, for Procedure B, the layout grid is to assistin determining deformation of the tested geosynthetic. The gridis placed flat against the test specimen that has been placedr
24、eady for testing. Depth readings will be taken in a prearrangedpattern over the entire area of the test specimen. The prear-ranged area that the geosynthetic displacement depth ischecked must remain consistent throughout the completetesting. The depth is taken from the top of the grid to thesurface
25、of the test specimen. The layout grid is to be made of3-mm 0.12-in. aluminum rod with a grid layout of 50 by50 mm 2 by 2 in.5.5 Test ConesThe cones should be manufactured fromaluminum or a hard plastic, that is, epoxy or Lexan. Theyshould comply with the dimensions proposed in Fig. 1 andexhibit a sm
26、ooth surface with no indentation visible with thenaked eye.NOTE 1An electrical detection system may be used in the cone tofacilitate observation of the failure.5.6 Other protrusions such as pyramids may be used, giventhat they are completely described in the test report. Theyshould be manufactured f
27、rom aluminum or a hard plastic, thatis, epoxy or Lexan.5.7 Temperature Probe, used to measure the test chambertemperature as well as the liquid temperature (if applicable).The accuracy of the temperature probe shall be 61 C.5.8 Support Bridge, used to support the center of thesubgrade pan to keep th
28、e pan from deflecting under load.5.9 Pressure Measurement Gages, should be in a series suchthat each lower pressure can be closed off as its maximum safeoperation pressure is reached. The series of gages should be 0to 210 kPa 0 to 30 psi, 0 to 690 kPa 0 to 100 psi, and 0 to1400 kPa 0 to 200 psi. The
29、 accuracy shall be 67.0 kPa1 psi.6. Hazards6.1 WarningIn addition to other precautions, the testapparatus is under pressure and proper precaution should betaken. When drain valves are opened, safety glasses should beworn by the operator. Pressure relief valves are highly recom-mended to prevent unsa
30、fe pressures.7. Test Specimen7.1 Cut the geosynthetic test specimen to fit a minimum of10 mm beyond the clamping area (test vessel flange area) of thedesigned pressure vessel.Nominal Value ToleranceTotal height of the cone (virtual) (in.) 5.2 in. 5.0 5.4 in.Actual height of the truncated cone (in.)
31、4.1 in. 4.0 4.2 in.Base diameter (in.) 3.25 in. 3.2 3.4 in.Angle of the conical section () 72.5 72 73Angle of the top flat portion () 45 44 46All radius (in.) 0.06 in. 0.04 0.08 in.FIG. 1 Geometry of Cones Used in Procedure AD5514/D5514M 182NOTE 2The conceptual drawing of a pressure vessel as diagra
32、mmedin Fig. 2 is acceptable, however, other types of vessels can be used as longas the size does not bias results for a particular material.NOTE 3If it is difficult to determine a materials machine directionafter testing, first mark on the specimen before testing a line parallel to themachine direct
33、ion.7.2 Measure the geosynthetic specimen thickness accuratelyby one of the industry-standard test methods referenced inSection 2.NOTE 4If testing a permeable geosynthetic without the support of ageomembrane, a non-permeable sheet on the liquid medium side may beused, provided adjustments are made f
34、or the strength of the non-permeable sheet (that is, 0.4-mm latex).7.3 The test specimen should be free of any scratches, folds,or other abnormalities, unless the abnormality is the item ofinterest.7.4 Examine a total of three replicate test specimens.8. Conditioning8.1 Expose the specimens to the s
35、tandard atmosphere fortesting geomembranes for a period long enough to allow thegeomembranes to reach equilibrium with the standard atmo-sphere. Consider the specimen to be at moisture equilibriumwhen the change in mass of the specimen in successiveweightings made at intervals of not less than 2 h d
36、oes notexceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen. Consider thespecimen to be at temperature equilibrium after1hofexposureto the standard atmosphere for testing.8.2 If the test is to simulate actual application, the testspecimen should be conditioned for at least 40 h in thatenvironment. If there is n
37、ot a specific environment, then theconditioning should be in accordance with ASTM standardconditioning for the material being tested. If no such standardexists, state the conditioning procedure used.9. Procedure A9.1 Placement of the SubgradeFirst place a geotextile orother fabric in the bottom of t
38、he subgrade pan. The geotextileis to be used to restrict movement of small particles of sand orrocks into the lower portion of the tester. Any geotextile orother fabric which has the capability of retaining the subgradepan fill material and does not restrict the flow of the liquidmedium is adequate.
39、NOTE 5The use of any geotextile should not allow movement of thepyramids or cones in relation to the established subgrade. This movementcould result in changes in the protrusion height during the test.9.2 Place the pyramids/cones in the subgrade pan on top ofthe geotextile. The pyramids/cones are ar
40、ranged so that a linedrawn through the geometric center of the pyramid/cone is ona circumference of a 200-mm 8-in. diameter circle for a500-mm 20-in. minimum diameter vessel.9.3 If pyramids are selected, four test pyramids shall be usedfor each test. The pyramids are positioned 90 apart.9.4 If cones
41、 are selected, three test cones shall be used foreach test. The cones are arranged 120 apart with their 45faces each facing the center of the pan.9.5 The subgrade shall be a clean, washed, Ottawa sandused to support the geomembrane materials at final placementFIG. 2 Experimental Test ApparatusD5514/
42、D5514M 183level. Fill the area between the test pyramids or test cones, andcreate a water drainage layer below the geomembrane.9.6 Place the specimen over the prearranged subgrade andsecure the top of the test apparatus to the bottom.9.7 Fill the vessel to obtain a water or liquid medium levelthat i
43、s 127 mm 5 in. over the test height of the pyramid/cones.9.8 Be sure all valves are tightly closed, including the airintake valve of the vessel which is between the test apparatusand regulator. This will ensure that the testing does not beginprematurely, and a zero point in pressure is monitored. Co
44、nnectair service to the air regulator.9.9 Open the regulator valve. The pressure should beincreased at 7.0 kPa 1 psi every 30 min until rupture or themaximum air pressure is achieved. This maximum pressureshould be noted and included on the final report. Otherincremental pressures can be used if des
45、ired and agreed uponby all parties involved in the test program evaluation.NOTE 6The 7-kPa 1-psi pressure increase should be accomplishedwithin the first one minute of the total incremental dwell time.9.10 Release pressure of the hydrostatic tester by closing theincoming airline valve. Open the drai
46、n valve on the hydrostatictester and let the water or liquid medium drain from the vessel.9.11 After water or liquid medium has been released,remove the top portion of the test apparatus.9.12 If the geosynthetic specimen does not fall, increase theheight of the pyramids/cones by removing and reshapi
47、ng theOttawa sand subgrade. Continue to increase the height of thepyramids in 13.0-mm 0.5-in. increments until failure of thegeosynthetic occurs.9.13 Immediately remove the test specimen from the testapparatus and, using Test Method D5199, measure the thick-ness of test specimen at the points adjace
48、nt to failure and at thepoint of the pyramid/cone. Measure again after 90 min.9.14 Repeat testing for the three specimens, obtaining anaverage time and pressure to the point of failure or non-failure.10. Procedure B10.1 The testing and data collection will be the same asProcedure A; however, site-sp
49、ecific material will be used andplaced according to the instruction from the requesting parties.10.2 The site-specific fill material will be classified by thetesting laboratory by the use of sieves (conforming to Speci-fication E11), and the aggregate measured by calipers.10.3 After the specimen is placed in position for testing,place the layout grid over the specimen. Mark on the specimenat least 20 prearranged areas across the grid. (Measure theseareas in depth as defined from the top of the grid to contactwit
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