1、Designation: D 5514 06Standard Test Method forLarge Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method evaluates the stress/time properties ofgeosynthetics by using hydrostatic pressure to compress thegeosynthe
3、tic over synthetic or natural test bases consisting ofmanufactured test pyramids/cones, rocks, soil or voids.1.2 This test method allows the user to determine therelative failure mode, points of failure for geosynthetics, orboth.1.3 This test method offers two distinct procedures.1.3.1 Procedure A i
4、ncorporates manufactured test pyramidsor cones as the base of the testing apparatus. Procedure A isintended to create comparable data between laboratories, andcan be used as a guide for routine acceptance test for variousmaterials.1.3.2 Procedures B and C incorporate site specific soil orother mater
5、ial selected by the user as the test base of the testingapparatus. Procedures B and C are methods for geosyntheticdesign for a specific site.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.5 This standard does no
6、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
7、s:2D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD 5261 Test Meth
8、od for Measuring Mass per Unit Area ofGeotextilesD 5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness ofTextured GeomembraneE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geomembranes, nair main-tained at a relative humidity of 50
9、 to 70 % and a temperatureof 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).3.1.2 critical height (ch), nthe maximum exposed heightof a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure ofa geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a givenperiod of time.3.1.3 failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pres
10、-sure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic.3.1.4 hydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which allthe principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), asin a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a gagedpressure system; the product of the unit weight of the li
11、quidand the difference in elevation between the given point and thefree water elevation.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D 4439.4. Significance and Use4.1 Procedure AThis procedure is an index type testwhich can be used as a guide for acceptance of com
12、mercialshipments of geosynthetics. The standard cone and pyramidtest fixtures can establish critical height (ch) consistency withsimilar material from previous lots or different suppliers, aswell as testing from other laboratories. However, due to thetime required to perform tests, it is generally n
13、ot recommendedfor routine acceptance testing.4.2 Procedures B and CThese procedures are perfor-mance tests intended as a design aid used to simulate the in-situbehavior of geosynthetics under hydrostatic compression.These test methods may assist a design engineer in comparingthe ability of several c
14、andidate geosynthetic materials toconform to a site specific subgrade under specified use and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published Feb
15、ruary 2006. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5514 94 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
16、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.conditions. In procedure B, the pressure is increased until afailure is observed. In procedure C, a given set of conditions(pressure, temperature a
17、nd test duration) are maintained con-stant and the performance of the system is observed at the endof the test.5. Apparatus5.1 For safe operation, the test vessel should have anappropriate ASME pressure rating. The maximum pressurerating of the vessel is dependent on the material being testedand exp
18、ected pressures to be encountered. Pressure can beachieved from a regulated air system or a hydraulic pump.5.2 Subgrade Pan, several removable pans for configuringvarious subgrades. Subgrade pans are to be built, with a depthof 102 mm (4 in.), and with drain holes in the bottom of the panto allow th
19、e pressurizing medium to flow through. The sub-grade pan shall be constructed of a suitable material to supporta load of 1800 kPa (250 psi).5.3 Leak Detection System, can be designed by usingdisplacement floats, moisture sensor, pressure sensors, a sightglass, or other means that will accurately det
20、ect failure.5.4 Layout Grid, for procedure B, the layout grid is to assistin determining deformation of the tested geosynthetic. The gridis placed flat against the test specimen that has been placedready for testing. Depth readings will be taken in a prearrangedpattern over the entire area of the te
21、st specimen. The prear-ranged area that the geosynthetic displacement depth ischecked must remain consistent throughout the completetesting. The depth is taken from the top of the grid to thesurface of the test specimen. The layout grid is to be made of3 mm (0.12 in.) aluminum rod with a grid layout
22、 of 50 by 50mm (2 by 2 in.).5.5 Test Pyramids, the pyramid should be manufacturedfrom aluminum or a hard plastic, that is, epoxy or Lexan.5.6 Test Cones, cones are more consistent when manufac-tured out of a hard plastic, that is, epoxy.5.7 Temperature Probe, used to measure the test chambertemperat
23、ure as well as the liquid temperature (if applicable).The accuracy of the temperature probe shall be 61C.5.8 Support Bridge, used to support the center of thesubgrade pan to keep the pan from deflecting under load.5.9 Pressure Measurement Gages, should be in a series suchthat each lower pressure can
24、 be closed off as its maximum safeoperation pressure is reached. The series of gages should be 0to 210 kPa (0 to 30 psi), 0 to 690 kPa (0 to 100 psi), and 0 to1400 kPa (0 to 200 psi). The accuracy shall be 67.0 kPa (1psi).6. Hazards6.1 PrecautionIn addition to other precautions, the testapparatus is
25、 under pressure and proper precaution should betaken. When drain valves are opened, safety glasses should beworn by the operator. Pressure relief valves are highly recom-mended to prevent unsafe pressures.7. Test Specimen7.1 Cut the geosynthetic test specimen to fit a minimum of10 mm beyond the clam
26、ping area (test vessel flange area) of thedesigned pressure vessel.NOTE 1The conceptual drawing of a pressure vessel as diagrammedin Fig. 1 is acceptable, however, other types of vessels can be used as longas the size does not bias results for a particular material.NOTE 2If it is difficult to determ
27、ine a materials machine direction,after testing, first mark on the specimen before testing a line parallel to themachine direction.7.2 Measure the geosynthetic specimen thickness accuratelyby one of the industry standard test methods referenced inSection 2.NOTE 3If testing a permeable geosynthetic w
28、ithout the support of ageomembrane, a non-permeable sheet on the liquid medium side may beused, provided adjustments are made for the strength of the non-permeable sheet (that is, 0.4 mm latex).7.3 The test specimen should be free of any scratches, folds,or other abnormalities, unless the abnormalit
29、y is the item ofinterest.7.4 Examine a total of three replicate test specimens.8. Conditioning8.1 Expose the specimens to the standard atmosphere fortesting geomembranes for a period long enough to allow thegeomembranes to reach equilibrium with the standard atmo-sphere. Consider the specimen to be
30、at moisture equilibriumwhen the change in mass of the specimen in successiveweightings made at intervals of not less than 2 h does notexceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen. Consider thespecimen to be at temperature equilibrium after1hofexposureto the standard atmosphere for testing.8.2 If the tes
31、t is to simulate actual application, the testspecimen should be conditioned for at least 40 h in thatenvironment. If there is not a specific environment, then theconditioning should be in accordance with ASTM standardconditioning for the material being tested. If no such standardexists, state the co
32、nditioning procedure used.9. Procedure A9.1 Placement of the SubgradeFirst place a geotextile orother fabric in the bottom of the subgrade pan. The geotextileis to be used to restrict movement of small particles of sand orrocks into the lower portion of the tester. Any geotextile orother fabric whic
33、h has the capability of retaining the subgradepan fill material and does not restrict the flow of the liquidmedium is adequate.NOTE 4The use of any geotextile should not allow movement of thepyramids or cones in relation to the established subgrade. This movementcould result in changes in the protru
34、sion height during the test.9.2 Place the pyramids/cones in the subgrade pan on top ofthe geotextile. The pyramids/cones are arranged so that a linedrawn through the geometric center of the pyramid, cone is ona circumference of a 200 mm (8 in.) diameter circle for a 500mm (20 in.) minimum diameter v
35、essel.9.3 If pyramids are selected, four test pyramids shall be usedfor each test. The pyramids are positioned 90 apart.9.4 If cones are selected, three test cones shall be used foreach test. The cones are arranged 120 apart with their 45faces each facing the center of the pan.9.5 The subgrade shall
36、 be a clean, washed, Ottawa sandused to support the geomembrane materials at final placementD5514062level, fill the area between the test pyramids or test cones, andcreate a water drainage layer below the geomembrane.9.6 Place the specimen over the prearranged subgrade andsecure the top of the test
37、apparatus to the bottom.9.7 Fill the vessel to obtain a water or liquid medium levelthat is 127 mm (5 in.) over the test height of the pyramid/cones.9.8 Be sure all valves are tightly closed, including the airintake valve of the vessel which is between the test apparatusand regulator. This will insu
38、re that the testing does not beginprematurely, and a zero point in pressure is monitored. Connectair service to the air regulator.9.9 Open the regulator valve. The pressure should beincreased at 7.0 kPa (1 psi) every 30 min until rupture or themaximum air pressure is achieved. This maximum pressures
39、hould be noted and included on the final report. Otherincremental pressures can be used if desired and agreed uponby all parties involved in the test program evaluation.NOTE 5The 7 kPa (1 psi) pressure increase should be accomplishedwithin the first one minute of the total incremental dwell time.9.1
40、0 Release pressure of the hydrostatic tester by closing theincoming air line valve. Open the drain valve on the hydro-static tester and let the water or liquid medium drain from thevessel.9.11 After water or liquid medium has been released,remove the top portion of the test apparatus.9.12 If the geo
41、synthetic specimen does not fall, increase theheight of the pyramids/cones by removing and reshaping theOttawa sand subgrade. Continue to increase the height of thepyramids in 13.0 mm (0.5 in.) increments until failure of thegeosynthetic occurs.9.13 Immediately remove the test specimen from the test
42、apparatus and, using Method D 5199, measure the thickness oftest specimen at the points adjacent to failure and at the pointof the pyramid/cone. Measure again after 90 min.9.14 Repeat testing for the three specimens, obtaining anaverage time and pressure to the point of failure or non-failure.10. Pr
43、ocedure B10.1 The testing and data collection will be the same asProcedure A; however, site specific material will be used andplaced according to the instruction from the requesting parties.10.2 The site specific fill material will be classified by thetesting laboratory by the use of sieves (conform
44、ing to Speci-fication E11), and the aggregate measured by calipers.10.3 After the specimen is placed in position for testing,place the layout grid over the specimen. Mark on the specimenat least 20 prearranged areas across the grid. (Measure theseareas in depth as defined from the top of the grid to
45、 contactwith the specimen.)NOTE 6To be consistent in a series of analyses, be sure that the samearea on all specimens is examined.10.4 After the test has been discontinued due to failure ormaximum pressure is reached, the layout grid is placed directlyover the surface of the test specimen.10.5 Measu
46、re the deformation that has occurred duringtesting by checking the depth at the original 20 points beforetest. The 20 grid points should be measured corner to corner foreach grid. If there is a protrusion in the grid area, measure thehighest point and the lowest point.11. Procedure C11.1 Preparation
47、 and Documentation of the Test:11.1.1 The site specific fill material will be identified by thetesting laboratory according to ASTM D 2488. If the fillmaterial is not a soil (that is, tire shred or other), a detaileddescription and applicable data on the physical properties shallbe provided.11.1.2 T
48、he geosynthetics will be identified as follows: (1)identification; (2) thickness (Test Methods D 5199 or D 5994);(3) density (Test Methods D 792 or D 1505), except forgeotextiles; (4) mass per unit area (Test Methods D 5261),except for geomembranes; and (5) other properties potentiallyinfluencing th
49、e system behavior upon agreement of the in-volved parties.NOTE 7It may be difficult to interpret results of a test ran on sometypes of textured geomembranes. It is recommended to run the test on asmooth geomembrane manufactured with an identical resin (that is, if atextured HDPE geomembrane is to be tested, the test should be ran on asmooth HDPE geomembrane with a density within 0.002 g/cm3of thetextured geomembrane density).11.1.3 The test parameters (applied load, test duration andtemperature) shall be agreed between parties prior to testing.Typical test conditi
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