1、Designation: D5514 06 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forLarge Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method evaluates the stress/time properties ofgeosynthetics by using hydrostatic pressure to compre
3、ss thegeosynthetic over synthetic or natural test bases consisting ofmanufactured test pyramids/cones, rocks, soil or voids.1.2 This test method allows the user to determine therelative failure mode, points of failure for geosynthetics, orboth.1.3 This test method offers two distinct procedures.1.3.
4、1 Procedure A incorporates manufactured test pyramidsor cones as the base of the testing apparatus. Procedure A isintended to create comparable data between laboratories, andcan be used as a guide for routine acceptance test for variousmaterials.1.3.2 Procedures B and C incorporate site specific soi
5、l orother material selected by the user as the test base of the testingapparatus. Procedures B and C are methods for geosyntheticdesign for a specific site.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.5 This s
6、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
7、1 ASTM Standards:2D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD5261
8、 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area ofGeotextilesD5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness ofTextured GeomembranesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geomembranes, nair main-tained at a relative hum
9、idity of 50 to 70 % and a temperatureof 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).3.1.2 critical height (ch), nthe maximum exposed heightof a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure ofa geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a givenperiod of time.3.1.3 failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water
10、or air pres-sure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic.3.1.4 hydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which allthe principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), asin a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a gagedpressure system; the product of the unit weigh
11、t of the liquidand the difference in elevation between the given point and thefree water elevation.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D4439.4. Significance and Use4.1 Procedure AThis procedure is an index type testwhich can be used as a guide for accepta
12、nce of commercialshipments of geosynthetics. The standard cone and pyramidtest fixtures can establish critical height (ch) consistency withsimilar material from previous lots or different suppliers, aswell as testing from other laboratories. However, due to thetime required to perform tests, it is g
13、enerally not recommendedfor routine acceptance testing.4.2 Procedures B and CThese procedures are perfor-mance tests intended as a design aid used to simulate the in-situbehavior of geosynthetics under hydrostatic compression.These test methods may assist a design engineer in comparingthe ability of
14、 several candidate geosynthetic materials toconform to a site specific subgrade under specified use and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Pub
15、lished July 2011. Originally approvedin 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5514 06. DOI: 10.1520/D5514-06R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, re
16、fer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.conditions. In procedure B, the pressure is increased until afailure is observed. In procedure C, a given set of conditions
17、(pressure, temperature and test duration) are maintained con-stant and the performance of the system is observed at the endof the test.5. Apparatus5.1 For safe operation, the test vessel should have anappropriate ASME pressure rating. The maximum pressurerating of the vessel is dependent on the mate
18、rial being testedand expected pressures to be encountered. Pressure can beachieved from a regulated air system or a hydraulic pump.5.2 Subgrade Pan, several removable pans for configuringvarious subgrades. Subgrade pans are to be built, with a depthof 102 mm (4 in.), and with drain holes in the bott
19、om of the panto allow the pressurizing medium to flow through. The sub-grade pan shall be constructed of a suitable material to supporta load of 1800 kPa (250 psi).5.3 Leak Detection System, can be designed by usingdisplacement floats, moisture sensor, pressure sensors, a sightglass, or other means
20、that will accurately detect failure.5.4 Layout Grid, for procedure B, the layout grid is to assistin determining deformation of the tested geosynthetic. The gridis placed flat against the test specimen that has been placedready for testing. Depth readings will be taken in a prearrangedpattern over t
21、he entire area of the test specimen. The prear-ranged area that the geosynthetic displacement depth ischecked must remain consistent throughout the completetesting. The depth is taken from the top of the grid to thesurface of the test specimen. The layout grid is to be made of3 mm (0.12 in.) aluminu
22、m rod with a grid layout of 50 by 50mm (2 by 2 in.).5.5 Test Pyramids, the pyramid should be manufacturedfrom aluminum or a hard plastic, that is, epoxy or Lexan.5.6 Test Cones, cones are more consistent when manufac-tured out of a hard plastic, that is, epoxy.5.7 Temperature Probe, used to measure
23、the test chambertemperature as well as the liquid temperature (if applicable).The accuracy of the temperature probe shall be 61C.5.8 Support Bridge, used to support the center of thesubgrade pan to keep the pan from deflecting under load.5.9 Pressure Measurement Gages, should be in a series suchthat
24、 each lower pressure can be closed off as its maximum safeoperation pressure is reached. The series of gages should be 0to 210 kPa (0 to 30 psi), 0 to 690 kPa (0 to 100 psi), and 0 to1400 kPa (0 to 200 psi). The accuracy shall be 67.0 kPa (1psi).6. Hazards6.1 PrecautionIn addition to other precautio
25、ns, the testapparatus is under pressure and proper precaution should betaken. When drain valves are opened, safety glasses should beworn by the operator. Pressure relief valves are highly recom-mended to prevent unsafe pressures.7. Test Specimen7.1 Cut the geosynthetic test specimen to fit a minimum
26、 of10 mm beyond the clamping area (test vessel flange area) of thedesigned pressure vessel.NOTE 1The conceptual drawing of a pressure vessel as diagrammedin Fig. 1 is acceptable, however, other types of vessels can be used as longas the size does not bias results for a particular material.NOTE 2If i
27、t is difficult to determine a materials machine direction,after testing, first mark on the specimen before testing a line parallel to themachine direction.7.2 Measure the geosynthetic specimen thickness accuratelyby one of the industry standard test methods referenced inSection 2.NOTE 3If testing a
28、permeable geosynthetic without the support of ageomembrane, a non-permeable sheet on the liquid medium side may beused, provided adjustments are made for the strength of the non-permeable sheet (that is, 0.4 mm latex).7.3 The test specimen should be free of any scratches, folds,or other abnormalitie
29、s, unless the abnormality is the item ofinterest.7.4 Examine a total of three replicate test specimens.8. Conditioning8.1 Expose the specimens to the standard atmosphere fortesting geomembranes for a period long enough to allow thegeomembranes to reach equilibrium with the standard atmo-sphere. Cons
30、ider the specimen to be at moisture equilibriumwhen the change in mass of the specimen in successiveweightings made at intervals of not less than 2 h does notexceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen. Consider thespecimen to be at temperature equilibrium after1hofexposureto the standard atmosphere fo
31、r testing.8.2 If the test is to simulate actual application, the testspecimen should be conditioned for at least 40 h in thatenvironment. If there is not a specific environment, then theconditioning should be in accordance with ASTM standardconditioning for the material being tested. If no such stan
32、dardexists, state the conditioning procedure used.9. Procedure A9.1 Placement of the SubgradeFirst place a geotextile orother fabric in the bottom of the subgrade pan. The geotextileis to be used to restrict movement of small particles of sand orrocks into the lower portion of the tester. Any geotex
33、tile orother fabric which has the capability of retaining the subgradepan fill material and does not restrict the flow of the liquidmedium is adequate.NOTE 4The use of any geotextile should not allow movement of thepyramids or cones in relation to the established subgrade. This movementcould result
34、in changes in the protrusion height during the test.9.2 Place the pyramids/cones in the subgrade pan on top ofthe geotextile. The pyramids/cones are arranged so that a linedrawn through the geometric center of the pyramid, cone is ona circumference of a 200 mm (8 in.) diameter circle for a 500mm (20
35、 in.) minimum diameter vessel.9.3 If pyramids are selected, four test pyramids shall be usedfor each test. The pyramids are positioned 90 apart.9.4 If cones are selected, three test cones shall be used foreach test. The cones are arranged 120 apart with their 45faces each facing the center of the pa
36、n.9.5 The subgrade shall be a clean, washed, Ottawa sandused to support the geomembrane materials at final placementD5514 06 (2011)2level, fill the area between the test pyramids or test cones, andcreate a water drainage layer below the geomembrane.9.6 Place the specimen over the prearranged subgrad
37、e andsecure the top of the test apparatus to the bottom.9.7 Fill the vessel to obtain a water or liquid medium levelthat is 127 mm (5 in.) over the test height of the pyramid/cones.9.8 Be sure all valves are tightly closed, including the airintake valve of the vessel which is between the test appara
38、tusand regulator. This will insure that the testing does not beginprematurely, and a zero point in pressure is monitored. Connectair service to the air regulator.9.9 Open the regulator valve. The pressure should beincreased at 7.0 kPa (1 psi) every 30 min until rupture or themaximum air pressure is
39、achieved. This maximum pressureshould be noted and included on the final report. Otherincremental pressures can be used if desired and agreed uponby all parties involved in the test program evaluation.NOTE 5The 7 kPa (1 psi) pressure increase should be accomplishedwithin the first one minute of the
40、total incremental dwell time.9.10 Release pressure of the hydrostatic tester by closing theincoming air line valve. Open the drain valve on the hydro-static tester and let the water or liquid medium drain from thevessel.9.11 After water or liquid medium has been released,remove the top portion of th
41、e test apparatus.9.12 If the geosynthetic specimen does not fall, increase theheight of the pyramids/cones by removing and reshaping theOttawa sand subgrade. Continue to increase the height of thepyramids in 13.0 mm (0.5 in.) increments until failure of thegeosynthetic occurs.9.13 Immediately remove
42、 the test specimen from the testapparatus and, using Method D5199, measure the thickness oftest specimen at the points adjacent to failure and at the pointof the pyramid/cone. Measure again after 90 min.9.14 Repeat testing for the three specimens, obtaining anaverage time and pressure to the point o
43、f failure or non-failure.10. Procedure B10.1 The testing and data collection will be the same asProcedure A; however, site specific material will be used andplaced according to the instruction from the requesting parties.10.2 The site specific fill material will be classified by thetesting laborator
44、y by the use of sieves (conforming to Speci-fication E11), and the aggregate measured by calipers.10.3 After the specimen is placed in position for testing,place the layout grid over the specimen. Mark on the specimenat least 20 prearranged areas across the grid. (Measure theseareas in depth as defi
45、ned from the top of the grid to contactwith the specimen.)NOTE 6To be consistent in a series of analyses, be sure that the samearea on all specimens is examined.10.4 After the test has been discontinued due to failure ormaximum pressure is reached, the layout grid is placed directlyover the surface
46、of the test specimen.10.5 Measure the deformation that has occurred duringtesting by checking the depth at the original 20 points beforetest. The 20 grid points should be measured corner to corner foreach grid. If there is a protrusion in the grid area, measure thehighest point and the lowest point.
47、11. Procedure C11.1 Preparation and Documentation of the Test:11.1.1 The site specific fill material will be identified by thetesting laboratory according to ASTM D2488. If the fillmaterial is not a soil (that is, tire shred or other), a detaileddescription and applicable data on the physical proper
48、ties shallbe provided.11.1.2 The geosynthetics will be identified as follows: (1)identification; (2) thickness (Test Methods D5199 or D5994);(3) density (Test Methods D792 or D1505), except for geotex-tiles; (4) mass per unit area (Test Methods D5261), except forgeomembranes; and (5) other propertie
49、s potentially influencingthe system behavior upon agreement of the involved parties.NOTE 7It may be difficult to interpret results of a test ran on sometypes of textured geomembranes. It is recommended to run the test on asmooth geomembrane manufactured with an identical resin (that is, if atextured HDPE geomembrane is to be tested, the test should be ran on asmooth HDPE geomembrane with a density within 0.002 g/cm3of thetextured geomembrane density).11.1.3 The test parameters (applied load, test duration andtemperature) shall be agreed between parties prior to
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