1、Designation: D5531 05 (Reapproved 2011)D5531 17Standard Guide forPreparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of PhysicalProduct Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance ofCoatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5531; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical pro
3、duct standards for color or appearance, or both, commonly used in the coatingsindustry, provides terminology to describe each level, and describes techniques for generating and caring for standards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses
4、are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior
5、 to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barrie
6、rs to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and ApplicationsD523 Test Method for Specular GlossD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD1729 Practi
7、ce for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesD4086 Practice for Visual
8、Evaluation of MetamerismD4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of Similar AppearanceE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE430 Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abrid
9、ged GoniophotometryE805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geom
10、etryE1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:
11、45) Geometry2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers Standard:SAE J1545 Recommended Practice for Instrumental Color Difference Measurement for Exterior Finishes, Textiles, and ColoredTrim31 This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications
12、 and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD01.26 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2011July 1, 2017. Published June 2011July 2017. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asD5531 - 05.D5531 DOI: 10.1520/D5531-05R11. 05 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/
13、D5531-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Architectural Man
14、ufacturers Association (AAMA), 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http:/www.aamanet.org.Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to
15、 provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof
16、 the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 The definitions in Termino
17、logy E284 and D16 are applicable to this standard. The terms in E284 take precedence over thosein D16 if differences exist.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concept color, nthe color of the material submitted by the customer as the target for generating the master standard.3.2
18、.2 master standard, nthe physical standard for color that the customer approves as the target for visual, spectrophotometric,and colorimetric evaluation of all products referenced to that standard.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn SAE J1545 this is referred to as the “official” standard.3.2.3 duplicate master st
19、andard, na replicate of the master standard that serves as the master standard at a secondary location.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIn SAE J1545 this is referred to as the “reference” standard.3.2.4 working standard, nthe physical product standard for color or appearance, or both, used for routine measurements
20、 andvisual assessments in the laboratory and at the production site.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Product standards are the only standards by which products should be accepted or rejected for color or appearance. For eachcolored product, a hierarchy of product standards should be developed. These include:
21、a master standards, duplicate masterstandards, and working standards. A master standard is generated from the concept color submitted by the customer. Duplicatemaster standards, when needed, are generated from the master standard. Working standards are generated from a duplicate masterstandard. They
22、 are used in the laboratory or on the production line to accept or reject the color or appearance of coatings. Afterinitial generation, product standards must be maintained to ensure they remain valid. This guide considers the characteristics ofproduct standards, factors to be considered in their cr
23、eation, and factors to be considered in their replacement.5. Significance and Use5.1 High quality physical product standards for color or appearance are the keystone of a successful color control program.Standards are often grouped into three major categories: product standards, intermediate product
24、ion control standards, andinstrument standards. This guide deals only with physical product standards. Some instrument-based color control programs use“numerical standards,” derived from instrumental measurements of a physical product standard.6. Characteristics of Physical Product Standards for Col
25、or and Appearance6.1 Physical product standards for color should be made of the same material as the specimens to be evaluated. This is moredifficult in the case of coatings because they are not sold in their final form, that is, they may be sold as a liquid or a powder butwill end up as a finished
26、film. The coating must be applied to a substrate, usually metal or paper, and dried or baked beforeevaluation. Agreement must be reached between the buyer and the seller on the method of application and cure for the coatingbefore the master standard is produced.6.2 The coatings supplier should produ
27、ce the physical product standards for color. They must have the same spectral characterat all viewing and illuminating geometries of concern as the coating.6.3 The standard should have the same geometric appearance (nonspectral) characteristics as the final product. Changes ingeometric characteristi
28、cs may influence the noncolor aspects of appearance such as gloss and texture. They may also affect theassessed color of the coating with respect to both instrumental measurement and visual perception.6.4 The desire for permanent physical product standards for color will sometimes lead people to con
29、sider other material suchas ceramic for standards, but such substitution should be avoided. Fairman4 states: “While a ceramic tile may be recognized as amaterial of greater permanence than the organic material being standardized, the probability of the introduction of metamerismbetween the two dissi
30、milar materials far outweighs any possible permanence gains.”7. Three Levels of Physical Product Standards for Color and Appearance7.1 The concept color submitted by the customer should not become the master standard because it may be made of differentmaterial or have gloss or texture (geometric app
31、earance) different from the final product. The concept color simply represents the4 Fairman, H. S., “A Standards Program for Color Control,” Color Research and Application, Vol 6, 1981, pp. 56.D5531 172customerscustomers best effort to illustrate the desired color for the coating. The concept color
32、is to be “matched” by the masterstandard, usually per acceptance by the customer. The master standard represents the target, both spectrally and geometrically, forthe manufactured coating. It becomes the reference by which the coating is accepted or rejected. Once the master standard isapproved by t
33、he customer, the concept color should be properly stored for possible future use.7.2 The master standard is the reference for judging the color of duplicate master standards. Although in the case of a disputeit is the ultimate reference for color and geometric appearance. It should not be used for r
34、outine evaluations in the laboratory orat the production site.7.3 Multiple duplicate master standards should be prepared at the same time. Duplicate master standards are intended to beidentical to the master standard. Because there will be variation in perceived or measured characteristics of duplic
35、ate masterstandards, buyer and seller must agree on tolerances for “duplicate master standards.” As examples, Fairman4 suggests that themeasured color difference be less than 0.2 CIELAB unit, and Sherman suggests that the measured color difference be less than 0.5FMC-2 unit. the SAE J1545 judges sta
36、ndards by stating that the tolerance should be the greater of 0.2 unit in each CIELAB colordifference component, DL*, DC*, and DH*, or one-tenth the accepted tolerance for the product (see Practice D3134 and E1345).The number of duplicate master standards to be made will depend upon the life expecta
37、ncy of the color or product, or both, theresistance of the coating to physical abuse in handling or cleaning, its resistance to color and geometric appearance change, andthe number of times each standard will be used.7.4 Each duplicate master standard should be given a unique identification with dat
38、e of fabrication. A sufficient number ofduplicate master standards should be generated initially to last for the lifetime of the color.7.5 When a coating is manufactured at more than one location, each location should treat one duplicate standard as the masterfor that location. Another duplicate sta
39、ndard should be designated for the location. The remaining duplicate standards should bedesignated working standards to be used for routine evaluation of the coating.7.6 Working standards may become unsuitable for use because of physical damage, dirt, contamination, or changes in geometricappearance
40、 and color due to exposure or use. Therefore, it is essential to confirm working standards frequently by comparing themto duplicate master standards.7.7 The duplicate master should be compared to the master only rarely. The master should be kept in a secure, environmentallystable and clean area.NOTE
41、 1The master standard should be treated with great care recognizing its uniqueness and value. Make sure you have a copy, then store it in asafe place. It should be used only when necessary to confirm or replace duplicate masters.8. Preparation Considerations8.1 Application Methods:8.1.1 The buyer an
42、d seller should agree upon the methods of application and cure. Ideally they should duplicate those methodsby which the final coating is applied and cured. Practices D823 describes methods for producing films of uniform thickness on testpanels.8.1.2 Application and cure parameters that should be con
43、sidered include, but are not limited to, the following:8.1.2.1 Substrate,8.1.2.2 Application device such as drawdown, hand spray, automatic spray, and electrostatic deposition,8.1.2.3 Application thickness and cured film thickness,8.1.2.4 Flash time, and8.1.2.5 Cure method and schedule, such as air
44、dry, force dry, bake for specified time, and specified temperature.8.1.3 A physical product standard for color should be uniform in color at all viewing and illuminating geometries of concernand geometric appearance aspects, such as gloss and texture, if uniformity is to be a characteristic of the c
45、oating. Otherwise thepattern of color and the geometric aspects of appearance should be representative of those of the desired coating.8.1.4 The buyer and seller should agree upon the size of standards. In Practice D1729, panels 90 by 165 mm (312 612 in.) arepreferred for critical visual evaluation
46、of color and geometric appearance differences.8.1.5 The useful life expectancy of the physical standards should be identified by an expiration date when applicable.9. Storage of Product Standards9.1 All physical product standards for color should be stored so as to minimize drift over time in color
47、or geometric aspects.Individual opaque paper envelopes of neutral pH and the approximate size of the panel should be used.9.2 These standards should be handled by the edges and exposed to light and the environment only when being used for productevaluation.9.3 Low temperature storage5 or freezing of
48、 these standards has been recommended to minimize color change with time. Whena standard is to be frozen, it should first be placed in a paper envelope and then in a sealable plastic bag. The plastic bag will protect5 Huey, S. J., “Low Temperature Storage of Color Standard Panels,” Color Engineering
49、, Vol 3, No. 5, SeptOct 1965, pp. 2427.D5531 173the standard from condensation. It also may protect the standard from fumes. The standard should be kept at a temperatureof 18C of -18C (0F) or lower. When the bagged standard is removed from the freezer, it should be allowed to come to roomtemperature before being opened.10. Maintenance of Product Standards10.1 Use of a well maintained, carefully monitored color measuring instrument is the best way to determine whether the colorof a product standard has changed.10.2 Working standards should be replaced w
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