1、Designation: D 5592 94 (Reapproved 2002)e1Standard Guide forMaterial Properties Needed in Engineering Design UsingPlastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorially corrected items in the Referenced Documents section, as well as made minor editorial corrections in
3、August 2002.INTRODUCTIONPlastics are increasingly being used in durable applications as structural components on a basiscomparable with traditional materials such as steels and aluminum, as well as high performancecomposite systems. Unlike many consumer-goods applications, where plastics typically s
4、erve asenclosures, these durables applications primarily involve load-bearing components exposed to ratherbroad varying operating environments over the life cycle of the product. This necessitates access tomaterial property profiles over a wide range of conditions, rather than typical values reporte
5、d at roomtemperature. In order to design effectively with plastics, the designer must take into account the effectsof time, temperature, rate, and environment on the performance of plastics, and the consequences offailure.1. Scope *1.1 This guide covers the essential material propertiesneeded for de
6、signing with plastics. Its purpose is to raise theawareness of the plastics community regarding the specificconsiderations involved in using the appropriate materialproperties in design calculations.1.2 This guide is intended only as a convenient resource forengineering design. It should be noted th
7、at the specific oper-ating conditions (temperature, applied stress or strain, environ-ment, etc. and corresponding duration of such exposures) couldvary significantly from one application to another. It is,therefore, the responsibility of the user to perform any perti-nent tests under actual conditi
8、ons of use to determine thesuitability of the material in the intended application.1.3 The applicable ISO and ASTM standard methods for therelevant material properties are listed in this guide for thebenefit of design engineers.1.4 It should be noted that for some of the desired proper-ties, no ASTM
9、 or ISO standards exist. These include pvT data,no-flow temperature, ejection temperature, and fatigue intension. In these instances, relying on available test methods issuggested.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespo
10、nsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 543 Standard Test Method for Resistanc
11、e of Plastics toChemical Reagents2D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics2D 671 Test Method for Flexural Fatigue of Plastics byConstant Amplitude-of-Force2D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlastics2D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2D 1435 Practice for Outdoor Wea
12、thering of Plastics2D 1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and Sheeting2D 1999 Guide for the Selection of Specimens and TestParameters for International Commerce3D 2565 Practice for Operating Xenon-Arc Type Light Ex-posure Apparatus With and Without Water f
13、or Exposure ofPlastics4D 2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flex-ural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics41This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved Sept
14、ember 15, 1994. Published November 1994.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.3Discontinued; see 1999 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
15、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2991 Practice for Testing Stress-Relaxation of Plastics5D 3045 Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load4D 3123 Test Method for Spiral Flow of Low-PressureThermosetting Molding Compounds4D 3417 Test Method for Enthalapies
16、 of Fusion and Crystal-ization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry4D 3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Poly-mers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry4D 3641 Practice for Injection Molding Test Specimens ofThermoplastic Molding and Extrusion Materials4D 3835 Test Method for
17、 Measuring Rheological Propertiesof Thermoplastics with a Capillary Rheometer4D 4473 Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic MechanicalProperties: Cure Behavior6D 5045 Test Method for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughnessand Strain Energy Release Rate of Plastics Materials6D 5279 Test Method for Plastics: Dynam
18、ic MechanicalProperties: In Torsion6E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ing6E 228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer7E 1150 Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue82.2 ISO Standards:9ISO 175 PlasticsDetermination of the E
19、ffects of Immer-sion in Liquid ChemicalsISO 294-1 PlasticsInjection Moulding of Test Specimensof Thermoplastic MaterialsGeneral Principles, andMoulding of Multipurpose and Bar Test SpecimensISO 294-4 PlasticsInjection molding of Test Specimensof Thermoplastic Materials - Determination of MouldingShr
20、inkageISO 527-1 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile PropertiesPart 1: General PrinciplesISO 527-2 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile PropertiesPart 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and ExtrusionPlasticsISO 527-4 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile PropertiesPart 4: Test Conditions for Isotropic and Orthotrop
21、ic FibreReinforced Plastic CompositesISO 604 PlasticsDetermination of Compressive Proper-tiesISO 899-1 PlasticsDetermination of Creep Behaviour -Tensile CreepISO 899-2 PlasticsDetermination of Creep Behaviour -Flexural Creep by Three-Point LoadingISO 2578 PlasticsDetermination of Time-TemperatureLim
22、its After Prolonged Exposure to HeatISO 3167 PlasticsMultipurpose Test SpecimensISO 4607 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to Natural Weath-eringISO 4892-1 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to LaboratoryLight SourcesPart 1: General GuidanceISO 4892-2 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to LaboratoryLight SourcesPart 2:
23、 Xenon Arc SourcesISO 6721-2 PlasticsDetermination of Dynamic Mechani-cal PropertiesPart 2: Torsion PendulumISO 8295 PlasticsFilm and SheetingDetermination ofthe Coefficients of FrictionISO 10350.1 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation ofComparable Single-Point Data Part 1: Moulding Mate-rialsISO 114
24、03-1 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation ofComparable Multipoint DataPart 1: Mechanical Prop-ertiesISO 11403-2 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation ofComparable Multipoint DataPart 2: Thermal and Pro-cessing PropertiesISO 11443 PlasticsDetermination of the Fluidity of Plas-tics Using Capillary and
25、Slit-Die Rheometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 agingthe effect on materials of exposure to anenvironment for an interval of time (see Terminology D 883).3.1.2 coeffcient of frictiona measure of the resistance tosliding of one surface in contact with another surface.3.1.3 coeffcient of linear
26、 thermal expansionthe change inlinear dimension per unit of original length of a material for aunit change in temperature.3.1.4 compressive strengththe compressive stress that amaterial is capable of sustaining. In the case of a material thatdoes not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the
27、 valuefor compressive strength is an arbitrary value depending uponthe degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating completefailure of the material (modified from Terminology E 6).3.1.5 creepthe time-dependent increase in strain in re-sponse to applied stress (modified from Terminology E 6).3
28、.1.6 creep modulusthe ratio of initial applied stress tocreep strain (see Test Method D 2990).3.1.7 creep rupture stressstress to produce material fail-ure corresponding to a fixed time to rupture (modified fromTest Method D 2990).3.1.8 critical stress intensity factortoughness parameterindicative o
29、f the resistance of a material to fracture at fractureinitiation (see Test Method D 5045).3.1.9 engineering stressstress based on initial cross sec-tional area of the specimen.3.1.10 fatiguethe process of progressive localized perma-nent deleterious change or loss of properties occurring in amateria
30、l subjected to cyclic loading conditions (modified fromDefinitions E 1150).3.1.11 Poissons ratiothe absolute value of the ratio oftransverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resultingfrom uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportionallimit of the material (see Terminology D 883).3
31、.1.12 proportional limitthe greatest stress that a materialis capable of sustaining without any deviation from propor-tionality of stress to strain (Hookes law) (see Test MethodD 638).5Discontinued; see 1992 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.7Annual B
32、ook of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.8Discontinued; see 1996 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. Replacedby Terminology E 1823.9Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.D 5592 94 (2002)e123.1.13 PV limitthe limiting combination of pr
33、essure andvelocity that will cause failure of any polymer rubbing againstanother surface without lubrication at a specific ambienttemperature and tested in a specific geometry.3.1.14 secant modulusthe ratio of engineering stress tocorresponding strain at a designated strain point on thestress-strain
34、 curve (see Test Method D 638).3.1.15 shear modulusthe quotient of the shearing stressand the resulting angular deformation of the test specimenmeasured in the range of small recoverable deformations (seeISO 6721-2).3.1.16 shear strengththe maximum shear stress that amaterial is capable of sustainin
35、g. Shear strength is calculatedfrom the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and isbased on the original dimensions of the cross section of thespecimen (see Terminology E 6).3.1.17 tensile modulusthe ratio of engineering stress tocorresponding strain below the proportional limit of a material
36、in tension (modified from Test Method D 638).3.1.18 tensile stress at breakthe tensile stress sustained bythe material at break (modified from Test Method D 638).3.1.19 tensile stress at yieldthe tensile stress sustained bythe material at the yield point (modified from Test MethodD 638).3.1.20 warpa
37、gedistortion caused by non-uniform changeof internal stresses (D 883).3.1.21 yield pointthe first point on the stress-strain curveat which an increase in strain occurs without an increase instress (see Test Method D 638).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference to th
38、eplastics community for material properties needed in engineer-ing design.4.2 Product datasheets or product literature typically reportsingle-point values at ambient conditions and hence, by theirvery nature, are inadequate for engineering design and struc-tural analysis of a component or system. A
39、detailed propertyprofile for the particular grade chosen for a given part not onlyenhances the confidence of the design engineer by allowing amore realistic assessment of the material under close-to-actualservice environments but also may avoid premature failure ofthe designed component and potentia
40、l liability litigation later.Additionally, it would also eliminate use of larger “designsafety factors” that result in “overengineering” or “overde-sign.” Not only is such overdesign unwarranted, but it adds tothe total part cost, resulting in a good example of ineffectivedesign with plastics and a
41、prime target for substitution by othermaterials.4.3 One of the problems faced by design engineers is accessto comparable data among similar products from differentmaterial suppliers because of the lack of standardized reportingformat in the plastics industry. ISO 10350.1, 11403-1, and11403-2 are int
42、ended to address the comparability of data issueonly as far as single-point and multipoint data for materialselection. This guide attempts to serve as a means to standard-ize the format to report comparable data for engineeringdesign. It is essential that incorporating standardized testspecimen geom
43、etry and specific test conditions as recom-mended in Guide D 1999, Practice D 3641, or ISO 3167 and294-1 are an integral part of the data generation.5. Material Properties in Engineering Design5.1 Finite element analysis is an integral part of computeraided design/engineering (CAD/CAE). It serves as
44、 a powerfultool for design engineers in performing engineering analysis ofplastics components to predict the performance. The materialdata inputs required for carrying out these analyses essentiallyconstitute the minimum data needed in engineering design.5.2 The material properties essential in engi
45、neering designcan be grouped into three main categories; (1) propertiesessential for structural analysis, (2) properties essential forassessing manufacturability, and (3) properties essential forevaluating assembly. The properties essential for structuralanalysis are employed in assessing the struct
46、ural integrity ofthe designed part over its useful life or in determining therequired geometry of the part to ensure structural integrity. Theproperties essential for assessing manufacturability are em-ployed in simulating the part filling/post filling steps tooptimize processing conditions and for
47、predictions of dimen-sional stability of the manufactured part. The properties essen-tial for assembly considerations are employed in evaluating theability to join/assemble the component parts.5.3 As functional requirements are often specific to eachapplication, the material properties essential for
48、 structuralanalysis can be classified into two categoriesthose that aresomewhat application specific and those that are not.5.4 Whether the individual property is application-specificor not, certain properties are directly employed in designcalculations while others are employed more or less forveri
49、fication of the design limits. For example, although partsmay fail in service under multi-axial impact loading condi-tions, the impact energy data can be used only in designverification, at best. Additional examples of properties that areuseful only for design verification include fatigue (S-N) curves,wear factor, PV limit, retention of properties following expo-sure to chemicals and solvents, and accelerated aging or UVexposure/outdoor weathering.5.5 Almost all structural design calculations fall under oneof the following types
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