1、Designation: D 5612 94 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forQuality Planning and Field Implementation of a WaterQuality Measurement Program1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5612; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers planning and implementation of thesampling aspects of environmental data
3、 generation activities.Environmental data generation efforts are comprised of fourparts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); ( 2)design of field sampling and measurement strategies andspecification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance crite-ria; (3) implementation of sampling
4、and analysis strategies; and( 4) data quality assessment.1.2 This guide defines the criteria that must be considered toensure the quality of the field aspects of environmental dataand sample generation activities.1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to the application of thisguide. The data generated in
5、 accordance with this guide aresubject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOswere met. For example, many screening activities do notrequire all of the quality assurance (QA) and quality control(QC) steps found in this guide to generate data adequate tomeet the project needs. The extent
6、to which all of therequirements must be met remains a matter of technicaljudgement as it relates to the established DQOs.1.4 This guide presents extensive management requirementsdesigned to ensure high-quality samples and data. The words“must,”“ shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selectedcarefull
7、y to reflect the importance placed on many of thestatements made in this guide.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
8、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 596 Practice for Reporting Results of Analysis of Water2D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water2D 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Methods of Committee D-19 on W
9、ater2D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-duits2D 3856 Guide for Good Laboratory Practices in Laborato-ries Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Water2D 4210 Practice for Interlaboratory Quality Control Proce-dures and a Discussion on Reporting Low-Level Data2D 4447 Guide for the Dispo
10、sal of Laboratory Chemicalsand Samples3D 4448 Guide for Sampling Groundwater MonitoringWells3D 4840 Guide for Sampling Chain-of-Custody Procedures2D 4841 Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for WaterSamples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents2D 5172 Guide for Documenting the Standard O
11、peratingProcedures Used in a Specific Laboratory2D5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and Implementation3E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specificat
12、ions4E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations4E 1187 Terminology Relating to Laboratory Accredita-tion42.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Documents:5QAMS-005/80 (NTIS No. PB83170514/LL), Interm Guide-lines and Specifications for Preparing Quality AssuranceProject Plans, Office of
13、Monitoring Systems and QualityAssurance, Dec. 29, 1980QAMS-500/80. Development of Data Quality Objectives,Description of Stages I and II, July 16, 1986QAMS-004/80 (NTIS No. PB83219667/LL), Guidelinesand Specifications for Preparing Quality Assurance Pro-gram Plans, Office of Monitoring Systems and Q
14、ualityAssurance, Sept. 20, 19801This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on General Specifications.Technical Resources, and Statistical Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Originall
15、yapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 561294 (1998).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philade
16、lphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn. NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms that are most applicable to thisguide have been defined in Terminologies D 1129 and E 1187.3.2 Definitions of Te
17、rms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 background samplea sample taken from a locationon or proximate to the site of interest. This sample is taken todocument baseline or historical information.3.2.2 collocated samplesindependent samples collectedas close as possible to the same point in space and time
18、 andintended to be identical.3.2.3 data quality objectives (DQOs) statements on thelevel of uncertainty that a decision maker is willing to acceptin the results derived from environmental data (see QAMS-500/80).3.2.4 material blanka sample composed of constructionmaterials such as those used in well
19、 installation. Well devel-opment, pump and flow testing, and slurry wall construction.Examples of these materials are bentonite, sand, drilling fluids,and source and purge water. This blank documents the con-tamination resulting from usage of the construction materials.3.2.5 quality assurance progra
20、m plan (QAPP)an orderlyassemblage of management policies, objectives, principles, andgeneral procedures by which an organization involved inenvironmental data generation activities outlines how it intendsto produce data of known quality.3.2.6 quality assurance project plan (QAPjP)an orderlyassemblag
21、e of detailed procedures designed to produce data ofsufficient quality to meet the DQOs for a specific datacollection activity.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes the criteria and activities fororganizations involved in obtaining water samples and gener-ating field data in terms of human and
22、 physical resources andQC procedures and documentation requirements depending onthe DQOs or agreed upon project plan.5. Significance and Use5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regu-latory and programmatic decisions. These data must be ofknown quality commensurate with their intended
23、 use.5.2 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the fieldorganizations in order to meet the objectives of the watermonitoring activities.5.3 This guide defines the criteria for organizations takingwater samples and generating environmental data and identifiesother activities that may be required ba
24、sed on the DQOs.5.4 This guide emphasizes the importance of communica-tion among those involved in establishing the DQOs, planning,and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of envi-ronmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.6. Project Specification6.1 Overall Project O
25、bjectivesThe overall objectives ofthe project must be defined prior to the start of any field andlaboratory activities.6.2 Data Quality ObjectivesDQOs for the data generationactivity should be defined prior to the initiation of field andlaboratory work, and they must be compatible with projectobject
26、ives. It is desirable that the field and laboratory organi-zations be aware of the DQOs so that the personnel conductingthe work are able to make informed decisions during the courseof the project.6.3 Project Plan The project plan should be designed tomeet the project objectives and DQOs. The projec
27、t plan shoulddefine the following:6.3.1 Specific Project ObjectivesThe objectives of thefield and laboratory work must be defined clearly, definespecific objectives for the sampling location, and describe theintended uses for the data. The project objective may need to bereviewed as information is g
28、athered. Any changes in theproject objective affecting field and laboratory activities shouldbe communicated to the field and laboratory personnel.6.3.2 Background InformationAny background informa-tion that could affect meeting the project objective or DQOsshould be provided. For example, the ident
29、ification of anyregulatory programs governing data collection and analysis andthe reason for conducting the sample collection work should beincluded in the background information.6.3.3 Project management shall have individuals designatedas having responsibility and authority for the following: ( 1)d
30、eveloping project documents that implement the DQOs; ( 2)selecting field and laboratory organizations to conduct thework; (3) coordinating communication among the field andlaboratory organizations and government agencies, as required;and (4) reviewing and assessing the final data.6.3.4 Sampling requ
31、irements shall be specified, includingsampling locations, equipment and procedures, and samplepreservation and handling.6.3.5 Analytical requirements shall be specified, includingthe analytical procedures, analyte list, required detection limits,and required precision and bias values. Regulatory req
32、uire-ments and DQOs shall be considered when developing thespecifications.NOTE 1The above does not imply that the specified analyticalrequirements can be met.6.3.6 The QA and QC requirements shall address both fieldand laboratory activities. The means for controlling falsepositives and false negativ
33、es shall be specified.6.3.6.1 The types and frequency of field QC samples to becollected, including field blanks, duplicates, and spikes, tripblanks, equipment rinsates, background samples, referencematerials, material blanks, and split samples, should be speci-fied. Control parameters for field act
34、ivities shall be described(see 7.6.3).6.3.6.2 The types and frequency of laboratory QC samples,such as laboratory control samples, laboratory blanks, matrixspikes, matrix duplicates, and matrix spike duplicates, shall bespecified. Any specific performance criteria shall be specified.Data validation
35、criteria shall be defined.6.4 Project DocumentationAll documents required forplanning, implementing, and evaluating the data collectioneffort shall be specified. These may include, although are notlimited to, a statement of work, technical and cost proposals,work plan, sampling and analysis plan, QA
36、PjP, health andsafety plan, community relations plan, documents required byD 5612 94 (2003)2regulatory agencies, requirements for raw field and analyticalrecords, technical reports assessing the environmental data, andrecords retention policy. Planning documents shall specify therequired level of do
37、cument control and identify the personnelhaving access. Document formats that may be required toensure that all data needs are satisfied shall be specified. Inaddition, a project schedule that identifies critical milestonesand completion dates should be available.7. Standard Guide for Environmental
38、Field Operations7.1 Purposesthe field organization must conduct its op-erations in such a manner as to provide reliable informationthat meets the DQOs. To achieve this goal, certain minimumpolicies and procedures must be implemented in order to meetthe DQOs.7.2 Organization The field organization sh
39、all be struc-tured such that each member of the organization has a clearunderstanding of his or her duties and responsibilities and therelationship of those responsibilities to the total effort. Theorganizational structure, functional responsibilities, levels ofauthority, job descriptions, and lines
40、 of communication foractivities shall be established and documented. One personmay cover more than one organizational function.7.2.1 ManagementThe management personnel of the fieldorganization is responsible for establishing organizational,operational, health and safety, and QA policies. Managements
41、hall ensure that the following requirements are met: ( 1) theappropriate methodologies are followed, as documented in thestandard operating procedures (SOPs); (2) personnel under-stand clearly their duties and responsibilities; ( 3) each staffmember has access to appropriate project documents; (4) a
42、nydeviations from the project plan are communicated to projectmanagement; and (5) communication occurs between the field,laboratory, and project managements, as specified in the projectplan. Management shall foster an attitude within the organiza-tion that emphasizes the importance of quality and su
43、pportsimplementation of the QAPjP.7.2.2 Quality Assurance FunctionThe organization shallappoint an individual(s) to be responsible for monitoring fieldoperations in order to ensure that the site facilities, equipment,personnel, procedures, practices, and documentation are inconformance with the orga
44、nizations QAPP and any applicableQAPjP. The QA monitoring function should be entirely sepa-rate from and independent of personnel engaged in the workbeing monitored. The QA function shall be responsible for theQA review in accordance with 7.7.7.2.3 PersonnelIt is the responsibility of the organizati
45、onto establish personnel qualifications and training requirementsfor all positions. Each member of the organization shallpossess the education, training, technical knowledge, andexperience, or a combination thereof, to enable that individualto perform his or her assigned functions. Personnel qualifi
46、ca-tions shall be documented in terms of education, experience,and training. Training shall be provided for all staff members,as necessary, so that they can perform their functions properly.7.2.4 Subcontractors The use of subcontractors shall notjeopardize data quality. The field organization is the
47、reforeresponsible for ensuring that its subcontractors are in compli-ance with the requirements of this section as is appropriate tothe specific task(s) they are performing.7.3 Field Logistics:7.3.1 GeneralSampling site facilities shall be examinedprior to the start of work in order to ensure that a
48、ll requireditems are available. The actual sampling area shall be examinedto ensure that trucks, drilling equipment, and personnel haveaccess to the site. Security, health and safety, and protection ofthe environment shall be controlled at the site support areas andsampling site.7.3.2 Field Measurem
49、entsProject planning documentsshall both address the type of field measurements to beperformed and plan for the appropriate area to perform thework. Planning documents shall address ventilation, protectionfrom extreme weather and temperatures, access to stablepower, and provisions for water and gases of required purity.Plans shall be made to identify and supply applicable safetyequipment, as specified in the project health and safety plan.7.3.3 Sample Handling, Shipping, and Storage AreaThedetermination of whether sample shipping is necessary shall bemade during
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