1、Designation: D 5652 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Methods forBolted Connections in Wood and Wood-Based Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5652; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating thestrength and stiffness of single-bolted connections in woo
3、d orwood-based products when subjected to static loading. Thesetest methods serve as a basis for determining the effects ofvarious factors on the strength and stiffness of the connection.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units in parentheses are for
4、informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
5、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood andWood-Based MaterialsD 2915 Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties forGrades of Structural LumberD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsE4 Practic
6、es for Force Verification of Testing MachinesF 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets2.2 Federal Specification:3Fed. Spec. FF-W-92 for Washers, Metal, Flat (Plain)3. Summary of Test Me
7、thods3.1 Specimens consisting of at least one wood or wood-based member fastened with one bolt to at least one othermember of any material are evaluated for capacity to resistcompressive or tensile forces applied at a constant rate ofdeformation with a suitable testing machine. The deformationof the
8、 connection at various intervals of loading is measured.Supplementary physical properties of the wood or wood-basedmembers are also determined.4. Significance and Use4.1 Connections are one of the weakest links in woodconstruction. While the strength of metal bolts and of wood orwood-based products
9、are ascertainable, a full evaluation of theperformance of the combination is only possible through thetesting of a complete connection. Such variables as memberthickness, member width, end and edge distances, type of bolt,fabrication tolerances, moisture content of the wood or wood-based product, pr
10、eservative or fire-retardant treatment of thewood or wood-based product, and species of wood may affectconnection behavior. In order to develop design criteria forestablished bolt types as well as those under development, theeffect of these variables on connection strength and stiffnessmust be known
11、. The tests described herein permit the obser-vation of data on the strength and stiffness of wood orwood-based connections, or both, under the influence of any orall of these factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineAny suitable testing machine capableof operation at a constant rate of motion of its
12、movable headand having an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in accor-dance with Practices E4.5.2 Spherical Bearing Block, for compressive loading ofspecimens.5.3 GripsGripping devices capable of attaching the speci-men to the stationary and moving heads of the testing machinein such a way as to ensur
13、e true axial tensile loads.5.4 Deformation GagesAt least two dial gages with aleast reading of 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) or other suitable devicesfor measuring the slip between connection members duringload application.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling shall provide for selection of representativetest specimens th
14、at are appropriate to the objectives of thetesting program.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.05 on Wood Assem-blies.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1995
15、. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5652 95(2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3
16、Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Estimate sample size in accordance with the proceduresof Method D 2915.NOTE 1The pre
17、cision required, and thus, the manner of sampling andthe number of tests, depend upon the specific test objectives. No specificcriteria can therefore be established. General experience indicates that thecoefficients of variation from tests on connections range from approxi-mately 15 to 30 %.7. Sampl
18、ing: Test Specimens and Test Units7.1 Select wood members, and position the bolt in them insuch a way that the results are not affected by knots, crossgrain, or other natural or manufacturing characteristics unlessthe purpose of the test methods is to evaluate the effects of suchgrowth characteristi
19、cs. When the affects of growth character-istics are not being evaluated, wood members shall be essen-tially clear and straight-grained. For wood-based products,select specimens with regard to manufactured characteristics.7.2 Connections Containing One Bolt:7.2.1 Make tests on three-member connection
20、s as shown inFigs. 1-3 except where specific data on two- or multiple-member connections are being sought. Select the width, length,and thickness of the members with consideration of requirededge and end distances. Member dimensions shall be represen-tative of the intended use of the connection.7.2.
21、2 For connections involving metal or other side mem-bers (such as panel materials), the side member thickness shallbe that anticipated in service. For all-wood joints, the thicknessof each side member shall be at least one half of the thicknessof the center member and width and length of all members
22、shall be selected with consideration of required edge and enddistances for a specific application. Minimum end distanceshall be four bolt diameters for compression loading and sevenbolt diameters for tension loading, unless the effect of variousend distances is to be studied.7.2.3 The excess of bolt
23、-hole diameter over bolt diametershall be132 in. (0.8 mm) for bolts12 in. (13 mm) or less indiameter, and116 in. (1.6 mm) for bolts of larger diameter,unless other bolt-hole diameters are specified.7.2.3.1 Bolt-holes shall be precisely bored perpendicular tothe surface, so that the surface of the ho
24、le is smooth anduniform to ensure good bearing of the bolt. Holes shall bedrilled after members are conditioned unless the purpose of thetest is to study the effect of shrinkage on the performance ofbolted connections.7.2.4 Bolts shall be of sufficient length to penetrate allmembers without having a
25、ny member bear on the bolt threads.7.2.5 Place heavy round washers conforming to Fed. Spec.FF-W-92 for washers, metal, flat (plain), and hereafter referredto as a standard washer, between wood or wood-based sidemembers and bolt head and nut. Bring abutting faces ofconnection members into normally in
26、stalled contact; then backoff the nut and retighten to “finger tightness”.7.2.6 Primary tests shall be made on connections loadedparallel to the grain of wood members and perpendicular to thegrain of wood members. Perpendicular to the grain tests shallbe conducted with the grain of the center member
27、 parallel andthe side members perpendicular to the direction of the load orwith the grain of the center member perpendicular and the sidemembers parallel to the direction of the load. These tests shallbe made by applying compressive or tensile loads as required;however, application of tensile load i
28、s preferred.7.2.7 When required, conduct additional primary tests toprovide information on the items stated in 7.2.7.1-7.2.7.7.InFIG. 1 Assembly for Testing Bolted Connections Parallel to Grainin TensionFIG. 2 Assembly for Testing Bolted Connections Parallel to Grainin CompressionD 5652 95 (2007)2su
29、ch tests, use a method of matching the material in corre-sponding members as follows to prevent masking of differ-ences in specific gravity, rate of growth, or other factors:7.2.7.1 To establish the effect of bearing area and length todiameter (L/d) relationship,7.2.7.2 To determine the effect of va
30、riations in memberthickness.7.2.7.3 To determine the effect of angle of load to grain ofthe wood,7.2.7.4 To establish minimum end distances required foreach size of bolt and the effect of variations in end distances,7.2.7.5 To establish minimum edge distance and the effectof variations in edge dista
31、nce,7.2.7.6 To determine the effect of moisture content of thewood or wood-based product, and7.2.7.7 To evaluate any other factor that may affect theperformance of the connection.NOTE 2The properties of the metal of the bolts and metal side platesare also factors affecting the connection strength an
32、d behavior. Allavailable data on their properties shall be included in the report. MethodF 606 provides a method of obtaining mechanical properties of bolts.7.2.8 Make a minimum of ten tests for evaluating each ofthe variables to be studied. See Note 1 for guidance in thisrespect.8. Conditioning8.1
33、Make the tests with material conditioned to the appro-priate conditions for the objectives of the testing program.Maintain the condition of the material prior to and duringtesting, unless specified otherwise.9. Procedure9.1 GeneralTest the connections within 1 h after assem-bly unless the performanc
34、e of delayed tests is required.9.2 Test Setup:9.2.1 Connections tested in tension are more representativeof behavior in service than those tested in compression. Themethod of testing a connection parallel to the grain duringtensile loading is shown in Fig. 1. Design of the ends of themembers where t
35、ensile loads are applied is required to ensurefailure away from the gripping devices. Use an alignmentsupport when the applied load is eccentric in a two-memberspecimen. Dial gages with a least reading of 0.001 in. (0.025mm) or other equivalent devices are required for measuring theslip between the
36、members. Attach gages in such a way that theamount of member strain not associated with connection slip isminimized.9.2.2 The method of testing a connection parallel to thegrain during compressive loading is shown in Fig. 2. Use aspherical bearing block in applying the load. Measure thedeformation,
37、that is the slip between members, at successiveincrements using dial gages accurate to 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)or other suitable devices.9.2.3 The method of conducting a connection test perpen-dicular to the grain with compressive loading is shown in Fig.3. Maintain a clear distance between the supports
38、 of at leastthree times the depth of the transverse member. Measure thedeformation, that is the slip between members, at successiveincrements using dial gages accurate to 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)or other suitable devices.9.3 LoadingThe procedures described herein are for staticloading. When required, ev
39、aluate the connection under impactor cyclic loading.9.4 Slip MeasurementMeasure the slip between membersof the connection from the initiation of load application andtake readings of the slip at sufficiently frequent load intervals topermit establishment of a satisfactory load-deformation curve.Obser
40、ve the general behavior of the connection under load andrecord the observations. Record the first relaxation of the load,the mode of failure, and other significant details. Continue thetest until the ultimate load is reached. With compressiveloading, the test may be stopped at a total deformation of
41、 0.60in. (15 mm). Record the maximum load.9.5 Rate of TestingConduct the tests to reach the maxi-mum load in approximately 10 min, however reach themaximum load in not less than 5 and not more than 20 min.Record the rate of testing used.NOTE 3A constant rate of motion of the movable crosshead of the
42、testing machine of 0.040 in. (1.0 mm)/min 650 % usually permitsreaching the maximum load in the prescribed time.NOTE 4The crosshead speed shall mean the free-running, or no-load,crosshead speed for testing machines of the mechanical-drive type, andthe loaded crosshead speed for testing machines of t
43、he hydraulic-loadingtype.9.6 Minor Tests:9.6.1 Determine the oven-dry specific gravity and moisturecontent of each unmatched wood or wood-based member of allconnections tested. Procedures for determining these propertiesare given in Test Methods D 2395 and D 4442.9.6.2 Determine the properties of th
44、e bolts by certificationor testing. In the latter case, use Method F 606 on representa-tive bolt samples.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 Yield LoadThe connection yield load, Fig. 4,isdetermined by fitting a straight line to the initial linear portionof the load-deformation curve, offset this line
45、by a deformationequal to 5 % of the bolt diameter, and select the load at whichthe offset line intersects the load-deformation curve. In thosecases where the offset line does not intersect the load-deformation curve, the maximum load shall be used as theyield load.10.2 Proportional Limit LoadThe pro
46、portional limit load,Fig. 4, is the load at which the load-deformation curve deviatesfrom a straight line fitted to the initial linear portion of theload-deformation curve.FIG. 3 Assembly for Testing Bolted Connections Perpendicular toGrain in CompressionD 5652 95 (2007)311. Report11.1 Report the fo
47、llowing information:11.1.1 Tabulated and plotted data on load-deformation rela-tionships,11.1.2 Description of the general behavior of the connectionunder load, such as the proportional limit, yield, and maximumloads, and mode of failure,11.1.3 Description of the connection, including the materi-als
48、 used,11.1.4 Member thickness, bolt-hole diameter, and end andedge distances,11.1.5 Details of loading procedure,11.1.6 Number of replicate tests.11.1.7 Oven-dry specific gravity and moisture content ofwood or wood-based members of all connections at time oftest, along with species identification,11
49、.1.8 Compression parallel or perpendicular to grainstrength of the wood members if determined,11.1.9 Fastener embedding resistance if determined,11.1.10 Properties and dimensions of the bolts used andmetal side plates when used, and11.1.11 Details of any deviations from the prescribed meth-ods as outlined in these test methods.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision and bias of these test methods have notyet been determined.13. Keywords13.1 bolted connections; stiffness; wood baseASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asse
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