1、Designation: D5652 95 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Methods forBolted Connections in Wood and Wood-Based Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5652; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating thestrength and stiffness of single-bolted connections in wood o
3、rwood-based products when subjected to static loading. Thesetest methods serve as a basis for determining the effects ofvarious factors on the strength and stiffness of the connection.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units in parentheses are for inf
4、ormationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
5、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood andWood-Based MaterialsD2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Struc-tural Wood and Wood-Based ProductsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsE4 Prac
6、tices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesF606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Proper-ties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets2.2 Federal Specification:3Fed. Spec. FF-W-92 for Washers, Metal, Flat (Plain)3. Summary of Test
7、Methods3.1 Specimens consisting of at least one wood or wood-based member fastened with one bolt to at least one othermember of any material are evaluated for capacity to resistcompressive or tensile forces applied at a constant rate ofdeformation with a suitable testing machine. The deformationof t
8、he connection at various intervals of loading is measured.Supplementary physical properties of the wood or wood-basedmembers are also determined.4. Significance and Use4.1 Connections are one of the weakest links in woodconstruction. While the strength of metal bolts and of wood orwood-based product
9、s are ascertainable, a full evaluation of theperformance of the combination is only possible through thetesting of a complete connection. Such variables as memberthickness, member width, end and edge distances, type of bolt,fabrication tolerances, moisture content of the wood or wood-based product,
10、preservative or fire-retardant treatment of thewood or wood-based product, and species of wood may affectconnection behavior. In order to develop design criteria forestablished bolt types as well as those under development, theeffect of these variables on connection strength and stiffnessmust be kno
11、wn. The tests described herein permit the obser-vation of data on the strength and stiffness of wood orwood-based connections, or both, under the influence of any orall of these factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineAny suitable testing machine capableof operation at a constant rate of motion of it
12、s movable headand having an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in accor-dance with Practices E4.5.2 Spherical Bearing Block, for compressive loading ofspecimens.5.3 GripsGripping devices capable of attaching the speci-men to the stationary and moving heads of the testing machinein such a way as to ens
13、ure true axial tensile loads.5.4 Deformation GagesAt least two dial gages with a leastreading of 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) or other suitable devices formeasuring the slip between connection members during loadapplication.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling shall provide for selection of representativetest specimens
14、that are appropriate to the objectives of thetesting program.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.05 on Wood Assem-blies.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 19
15、95. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5652 95 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D5652-95R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
16、y page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2 Estimate sample size in accordance with the proceduresof M
17、ethod D2915.NOTE 1The precision required, and thus, the manner of sampling andthe number of tests, depend upon the specific test objectives. No specificcriteria can therefore be established. General experience indicates that thecoefficients of variation from tests on connections range from approxi-m
18、ately 15 to 30 %.7. Sampling: Test Specimens and Test Units7.1 Select wood members, and position the bolt in them insuch a way that the results are not affected by knots, crossgrain, or other natural or manufacturing characteristics unlessthe purpose of the test methods is to evaluate the effects of
19、 suchgrowth characteristics. When the affects of growth character-istics are not being evaluated, wood members shall be essen-tially clear and straight-grained. For wood-based products,select specimens with regard to manufactured characteristics.7.2 Connections Containing One Bolt:7.2.1 Make tests o
20、n three-member connections as shown inFigs. 1-3 except where specific data on two- or multiple-member connections are being sought. Select the width, length,and thickness of the members with consideration of requirededge and end distances. Member dimensions shall be represen-tative of the intended u
21、se of the connection.7.2.2 For connections involving metal or other side mem-bers (such as panel materials), the side member thickness shallbe that anticipated in service. For all-wood joints, the thicknessof each side member shall be at least one half of the thicknessof the center member and width
22、and length of all membersshall be selected with consideration of required edge and enddistances for a specific application. Minimum end distanceshall be four bolt diameters for compression loading and sevenbolt diameters for tension loading, unless the effect of variousend distances is to be studied
23、.7.2.3 The excess of bolt-hole diameter over bolt diametershall be132 in. (0.8 mm) for bolts12 in. (13 mm) or less indiameter, and116 in. (1.6 mm) for bolts of larger diameter,unless other bolt-hole diameters are specified.7.2.3.1 Bolt-holes shall be precisely bored perpendicular tothe surface, so t
24、hat the surface of the hole is smooth anduniform to ensure good bearing of the bolt. Holes shall bedrilled after members are conditioned unless the purpose of thetest is to study the effect of shrinkage on the performance ofbolted connections.7.2.4 Bolts shall be of sufficient length to penetrate al
25、lmembers without having any member bear on the bolt threads.7.2.5 Place heavy round washers conforming to Fed. Spec.FF-W-92 for washers, metal, flat (plain), and hereafter referredto as a standard washer, between wood or wood-based sidemembers and bolt head and nut. Bring abutting faces ofconnection
26、 members into normally installed contact; then backoff the nut and retighten to “finger tightness”.7.2.6 Primary tests shall be made on connections loadedparallel to the grain of wood members and perpendicular to thegrain of wood members. Perpendicular to the grain tests shallbe conducted with the g
27、rain of the center member parallel andthe side members perpendicular to the direction of the load orwith the grain of the center member perpendicular and the sidemembers parallel to the direction of the load. These tests shallbe made by applying compressive or tensile loads as required;however, appl
28、ication of tensile load is preferred.FIG. 1 Assembly for Testing Bolted Connections Parallel toGrain in TensionFIG. 2 Assembly for Testing Bolted Connections Parallel toGrain in CompressionD5652 95 (Reapproved 2013)27.2.7 When required, conduct additional primary tests toprovide information on the i
29、tems stated in 7.2.7.1-7.2.7.7.Insuch tests, use a method of matching the material in corre-sponding members as follows to prevent masking of differ-ences in specific gravity, rate of growth, or other factors:7.2.7.1 To establish the effect of bearing area and length todiameter (L/d) relationship,7.
30、2.7.2 To determine the effect of variations in memberthickness.7.2.7.3 To determine the effect of angle of load to grain ofthe wood,7.2.7.4 To establish minimum end distances required foreach size of bolt and the effect of variations in end distances,7.2.7.5 To establish minimum edge distance and th
31、e effectof variations in edge distance,7.2.7.6 To determine the effect of moisture content of thewood or wood-based product, and7.2.7.7 To evaluate any other factor that may affect theperformance of the connection.NOTE 2The properties of the metal of the bolts and metal side platesare also factors a
32、ffecting the connection strength and behavior. Allavailable data on their properties shall be included in the report. MethodF606 provides a method of obtaining mechanical properties of bolts.7.2.8 Make a minimum of ten tests for evaluating each ofthe variables to be studied. See Note 1 for guidance
33、in thisrespect.8. Conditioning8.1 Make the tests with material conditioned to the appro-priate conditions for the objectives of the testing program.Maintain the condition of the material prior to and duringtesting, unless specified otherwise.9. Procedure9.1 GeneralTest the connections within 1 h aft
34、er assemblyunless the performance of delayed tests is required.9.2 Test Setup:9.2.1 Connections tested in tension are more representativeof behavior in service than those tested in compression. Themethod of testing a connection parallel to the grain duringtensile loading is shown in Fig. 1. Design o
35、f the ends of themembers where tensile loads are applied is required to ensurefailure away from the gripping devices. Use an alignmentsupport when the applied load is eccentric in a two-memberspecimen. Dial gages with a least reading of 0.001 in. (0.025mm) or other equivalent devices are required fo
36、r measuring theslip between the members. Attach gages in such a way that theamount of member strain not associated with connection slip isminimized.9.2.2 The method of testing a connection parallel to thegrain during compressive loading is shown in Fig. 2. Use aspherical bearing block in applying th
37、e load. Measure thedeformation, that is the slip between members, at successiveincrements using dial gages accurate to 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)or other suitable devices.9.2.3 The method of conducting a connection test perpen-dicular to the grain with compressive loading is shown in Fig.3. Maintain a cle
38、ar distance between the supports of at leastthree times the depth of the transverse member. Measure thedeformation, that is the slip between members, at successiveincrements using dial gages accurate to 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)or other suitable devices.9.3 LoadingThe procedures described herein are for
39、staticloading. When required, evaluate the connection under impactor cyclic loading.9.4 Slip MeasurementMeasure the slip between membersof the connection from the initiation of load application andtake readings of the slip at sufficiently frequent load intervals topermit establishment of a satisfact
40、ory load-deformation curve.Observe the general behavior of the connection under load andrecord the observations. Record the first relaxation of the load,the mode of failure, and other significant details. Continue thetest until the ultimate load is reached. With compressiveloading, the test may be s
41、topped at a total deformation of 0.60in. (15 mm). Record the maximum load.9.5 Rate of TestingConduct the tests to reach the maxi-mum load in approximately 10 min, however reach themaximum load in not less than 5 and not more than 20 min.Record the rate of testing used.NOTE 3A constant rate of motion
42、 of the movable crosshead of thetesting machine of 0.040 in. (1.0 mm)/min 650 % usually permitsreaching the maximum load in the prescribed time.NOTE 4The crosshead speed shall mean the free-running, or no-load,crosshead speed for testing machines of the mechanical-drive type, andthe loaded crosshead
43、 speed for testing machines of the hydraulic-loadingtype.9.6 Minor Tests:9.6.1 Determine the oven-dry specific gravity and moisturecontent of each unmatched wood or wood-based member of allconnections tested. Procedures for determining these propertiesare given in Test Methods D2395 and D4442.9.6.2
44、Determine the properties of the bolts by certificationor testing. In the latter case, use Method F606 on representativebolt samples.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 Yield LoadThe connection yield load, Fig. 4,isdetermined by fitting a straight line to the initial linear portionof the load-deformati
45、on curve, offset this line by a deformationequal to 5 % of the bolt diameter, and select the load at whichthe offset line intersects the load-deformation curve. In thosecases where the offset line does not intersect the load-deformation curve, the maximum load shall be used as theyield load.FIG. 3 A
46、ssembly for Testing Bolted Connections Perpendicularto Grain in CompressionD5652 95 (Reapproved 2013)310.2 Proportional Limit LoadThe proportional limit load,Fig. 4, is the load at which the load-deformation curve deviatesfrom a straight line fitted to the initial linear portion of theload-deformati
47、on curve.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Tabulated and plotted data on load-deformationrelationships,11.1.2 Description of the general behavior of the connectionunder load, such as the proportional limit, yield, and maximumloads, and mode of failure,11.1.3 Description of the c
48、onnection, including the materi-als used,11.1.4 Member thickness, bolt-hole diameter, and end andedge distances,11.1.5 Details of loading procedure,11.1.6 Number of replicate tests.11.1.7 Oven-dry specific gravity and moisture content ofwood or wood-based members of all connections at time oftest, a
49、long with species identification,11.1.8 Compression parallel or perpendicular to grainstrength of the wood members if determined,11.1.9 Fastener embedding resistance if determined,11.1.10 Properties and dimensions of the bolts used andmetal side plates when used, and11.1.11 Details of any deviations from the prescribed meth-ods as outlined in these test methods.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision and bias of these test methods have notyet been determined.13. Keywords13.1 bolted connections; stiffness; wood baseASTM International takes no position respecting th
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