1、Designation: D5679 95a (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forSampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or SimilarContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5679; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods forcollecting samples of consolidated solids in drums or si
3、milarcontainers. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirementsshould be described in the site-specific work plan.1.2
4、 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis
5、h appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C702 Practice for Reducing Samples ofAggregate to TestingSizeC783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite ElectrodesD4547 Guide for Sampling Wa
6、ste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Acti
7、vities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and Implementation2.2 NSC Document:Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,198532.3 Government Documents:4Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites,EPA/600/2-86/013, January 1986Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual f
8、orHazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), OccupationalSafety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. CoastGuard (USCG), and U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), October 19853. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bondingtouching the sampling eq
9、uipment to thedrum to form an electrically conductive path to minimizepotential electrical differences between the sampling equip-ment and the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.3.1.2 bungusually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a
10、bunghole.3.1.3 bung holean opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied, or vented.3.1.4 consolidatedthe characteristic of being cemented orcompacted, or both, and not separated easily into smallerparticles.3.1.5 deheadingremoval of the lid of a closed-head drum;usually accompl
11、ished with a drum deheader.3.1.6 drumimplies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-tainer of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.3.1.7 paila small container, usually with a capacity of 5U.S. gal (19 L). Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or theentire lid can be removed.3.1.8 paperworkall require
12、d site documentation, whichmay include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Publishe
13、d November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5679 95a (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D5679-95AR12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
14、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Safety Council (NSC), 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca,IL 60143-3201, http:/www.nsc.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washin
15、gton, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1sheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, andchain of custody forms.3.1.9 work plana plan, specific to a particular site, forcondu
16、cting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and appropriatesampling equipment is selected. A clean device is then used toauger, chisel, chip, or core into the consolidated solid materialto be sampled. The sample is collected and placed in
17、 a samplecontainer. The sampling device is then cleaned and decontami-nated or disposed of.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples ofconsolidated or compacted materials from drums or similarcontainers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, orcompromi
18、sed otherwise. Special handling procedures (forexample, remote drum opening, overpressurized drumopening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Han-dling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.6. Interferences6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and thecondition and accessibility of th
19、e drums will have a significantimpact on the selection of sampling equipment.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 General Principles and Precautions:7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (Practice D5283 and Guide D4687).This plan must include a worker health and safety sectionbe
20、cause there are potential hazards associated with openingdrums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See Occupa-tional Safety and Health Guidance Manual for HazardousWaste Site Activities for information on health and safety athazardous waste sites.7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be appl
21、ied to theconditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specifyrigid rules describing the exact manner of sample collectionbecause of unknowns associated with each solid samplingsituation. It is essential that the samples be collected by atrained and experienced sampler because the various
22、 condi-tions under which drummed solids must be sampled.7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the samplingprocedure must allow for some element of randomness inselection because of the possible variations in the material. Thesample
23、r should always be on the alert for possible biasesarising from the use of a particular sampling device or fromunexpected segregation within the material.7.1.4 All augering, chipping, or flaking sampling methodsmay fail a prime sampling requirement: that of randomselection of sample fractions. Parti
24、cles on the bottom or alongthe sides of the drum may consequently never have anopportunity to be included in a sample. Sample particles shouldbe selected by techniques that will minimize variation inmeasured characteristics between the available fractions andthe resulting sample (Practice C702).7.1.
25、5 The sampling equipment, sample preparationequipment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inertto the material being sampled.All equipment, including samplecontainers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they areclear of obvious dirt and contamination and in good workingconditio
26、n. Visible contamination must be removed, and theequipment must be decontaminated with the appropriate rinsematerials. Decontaminated sampling equipment should beprotected from contamination. This may include, but not belimited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags, polytetra-fluoroethylene (PT
27、FE) film, or other means of protection thatwill not impact the sample quality or intended analysis.7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Practices:7.2.1 Review all paperwork.7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containersappropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the workplan.7.2.3 Enter th
28、e work zone.7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note anyabnormal conditions, including rust marks, stains, bulges, orother signs of pressurization or leaks that may require specialhandling. The work plan should define clearly the limitingconditions under which special handling procedures
29、 shall beinitiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous WasteSites for information on opening overpressurized drums andthe use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated workarea if they cannot be sampled in their current location. SeeDrum Ha
30、ndling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for furtherinformation on staging drums.7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright stable positions if nec-essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to preventmovement hazards.7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to besampled.7.2.6 Perform a detai
31、led inspection of individual drums.7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from the drumlabels, markings, data sheets, etc. in the field log book or onforms specified in the work plan.7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existingpaperwork.7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the li
32、d or loosenthe bung, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive ornegative pressure (that is, a slight lid bulge or dimple), controlthe release of pressure until it has equalized. For example, ifthe drum or pail is equ
33、ipped with bungs, loosen the smallerbung first since doing so will make it easier to control therelease of pressure.(2) If the tope of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), itmay “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the samplerwith any material that is sitting on top of the drum.(3) If there is e
34、vidence of a chemical reaction or suddenpressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipmentshould be used.D5679 95a (2012)2(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum andsampling equipment should be grounded if the generation ofs
35、tatic electricity while opening or sampling the drum is apossibility. The drum and sampling equipment should begrounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (buildingground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipmentmay have some residual static electrical charge due to thematerials i
36、n which they are packed and shipped. The work planshould specify whether grounding is necessary. See AccidentPrevention Manual for Industrial Operations for informationon grounding and bonding.7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closedindividually to minimize the risk of exposure.7.2.7.3 Dr
37、ums (or Pails) with BungsLoosen the largebung slowly. Use non-sparking tools.7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable LidsLoosen the ringslowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Usenon-sparking tools.7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock Ring)Release the lever slowly.7.2.7.6 Pails with Rem
38、ovable Lids (Snap-On)Pry the lidloose slowly with a pail lid opener.7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading will berequired if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannotbe removed. See Drum Handling Practices at HazardousWaste Sites for further information on manual or remote drumo
39、pening.7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of freeliquid) upon opening the drum should be recorded in the fieldlog book.7.3 Sampling EquipmentSelection:7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipmentby the material to be sampled.7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of Constru
40、ctionSampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,aluminum, or plastic. Devices using permanent coatings orliners (such as PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading tocontamination of the sample.7.3.3 Generic Equipment ListA general list of equipmentused for sampling consolidated
41、solids follows:7.3.3.1 Scoop.7.3.3.2 Rotating corer.7.3.3.3 Thin-wall tube sampler.7.3.3.4 Chipper.7.3.3.5 Hammer and chisel.7.3.3.6 Auger.7.3.3.7 Pry bars.7.3.3.8 Wipes or cloths, or both.7.3.3.9 Spatula.7.3.3.10 Sample containers, lids, and liners.7.3.3.11 Sample labels.7.3.3.12 Chain of custody f
42、orms.7.3.3.13 Field log books.7.3.3.14 Sample cooler.7.3.3.15 Ice or gel ice.7.3.3.16 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emerycloth.7.3.3.17 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gasindicator, organic vapor detector, radiation survey meter, etc.).7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums shou
43、ld be non-sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not belimited to, the following:7.3.4.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),7.3.4.2 Flathead screwdriver,7.3.4.3 Breaker bar (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.4 Ratchet (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.5 Speed handle (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.6 Adjustabl
44、e wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm).7.3.4.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and7.3.4.8 Pail lid opener.8. Sample Collection8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specifiedin the work plan.8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any dis-crepancie
45、s (such as free liquid).8.1.3 Collect the required number of samples from thedrum.8.1.3.1 See Practice D4547 for the collection of samples forvolatile analysis.8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.8.1.5 Close the sample container.8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Di
46、spose ofthe wipe cloth properly.8.1.7 Record in the field log book all relevant conditionsassociated with the collection of each sample.8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, asrequired by the work plan.8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side of the samplecontainer before or
47、after sampling, as directed by the workplan. The sample label should include the following:(1) Sample ID number,(2) Name of sampler,(3) Samplers initials or signature,(4) Date and time of sampling, and(5) Sampling location.8.1.9.1 The sample label can also include the following:(1) Sampling informat
48、ion (for example, grab, composite,etc.),(2) Preservative and preservation required,(3) Special instructions, and(4) Analysis request.8.2 Sampling Using a Rotating CorerThe rotating corercan be as simple as a cylinder attached to an electric drill withthe crown modified for cutting (see Fig. 1 and Pr
49、actice C783)TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for EquipmentEquipmentASTMStandardVisuallyHomogeneousHeterogeneousAuger D4700 XAXChipper, hammer, and chisel . X XRotating corer C783 XXThin-walled tube D4700 NB.CAX = equipment usually may be used with this type of waste.BN = not equipment of choice but may be used (for example, a clay-like material).CEquipment is probably not suitable.D5679 95a (2012)3or as complex as a double metal tube fitted onto a diamond-impregnated coring bit, mounted on a portable stand. Thedouble metal tube corer mounted on a portable sta
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