1、Designation: D5680 14Standard Practice forSampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or SimilarContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5680; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods forcollecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drums or similarcontainers
3、. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirementsshould be described in the site-specific work plan.1.2 The values sta
4、ted in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
5、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C702 Practice for Reducing Samples ofAggregate to TestingSizeD4547 Guide fo
6、r Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD6009 Guide for Sampling Waste PilesD6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Managementof Waste and Contaminated MediaD6051 Guide for Composi
7、te Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containersby Field PersonnelD6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Relatedto Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimiza-tion of Sampling DesignD6323 Guide
8、for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Relatedto Waste Management ActivitiesD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and Implementati
9、onD5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsD5633 Practice for Sampling with a Scoop2.2 NSC Document:Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,199232.3 Government Documents:4EPA/600/2-86/013 Drum Handling Practices at HazardousWaste Si
10、tes, January 1986EPA/540/4-91/001 Soil Sampling and Analysis for VolatileCompounds, February 1991Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Haz-ardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safetyand Health Administration (OSHA), U
11、.S. Coast Guard(USCG), and U.S Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), October 19853. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bondingtouching the sample equipment to the drumto form an electrically conductive path to minimize potentialelectrical differences between the sampling equipment and thedrum, reducin
12、g the buildup of static electricity.3.1.2 bungusually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bunghole.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSamp
13、ling Techniques.Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5680 10. DOI:10.1520/D5680-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
14、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558.4Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.Copy
15、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 bung holean opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied, or vented.3.1.4 deheadingremoval of the lid of a closed-head drum;usually accomplished with a drum dehea
16、der.3.1.5 druma cylindrical non-bulk container of 5 to 110U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.3.1.6 paila small container, usually with a capacity of 5U.S. gal. Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the entire lidcan be removed.3.1.7 paperworkall required site documentation, whichmay include the mani
17、fests, waste profiles, material safety datasheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, andchain of custody forms.3.1.8 unconsolidatedfor solid material, the characteristicof being uncemented or uncompacted, or both, and separatedeasily into smaller particles.3.1.9 work plana plan specif
18、ic to a particular site; forconducting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and appropriatesampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device isthen used to auger, shovel, scoop, or core into the unconsoli-dated solid material to be
19、 sampled. The sample is collected andplaced in a sample container. After use the sampling device isthen either disposed of or cleaned and decontaminated beforere-use.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples ofunconsolidated solid materials from drums or simi
20、larcontainers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, orcompromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (forexample, remote drum opening, over pressurized drumopening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in EPA/600/2-86/013 Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.6. Interferences6.
21、1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and thecondition and accessibility of the drums will have a significantimpact on the selection of sampling equipment and techniquesused to recover representative samples.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 General Principles and Precautions:7.1.1 Samples should be colle
22、cted in accordance with anappropriate work plan (Practice D5283, and Guides D4687,D6044, D6051, D6063, and D6311). This plan must include aworker health and safety section because there are potentialhazards associated with opening drums as well as potentiallyhazardous contents. See Occupational Safe
23、ty and Health Guid-ance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities for informa-tion on health and safety at hazardous waste sites.7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to theconditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specifyrigid rules describing the exact manner of sample c
24、ollectionbecause of unknowns associated with each solid samplingsituation. It is essential that the samples be collected by atrained and experienced sampler because of the various con-ditions under which drummed solids must be sampled.7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-ments co
25、ncerning the properties of a sampled lot, the samplingprocedure must allow for some element of randomness inselection because of the possible variations in the material. Thesampler should always be on the alert for possible biasesarising from the use of a particular sampling device or fromunexpected
26、 segregation within the material.7.1.4 All auger, trier, thief, shovel and scoop methods mayfail a prime sampling requirement: that of random selection ofsample fractions. Scoops and shovels are limited to use at ornear the top surface. Augers, triers, and thiefs are normallyinserted in a preset pat
27、tern. Particles on the bottom or along thesides of the drum may consequently never have an opportunityto be included in a sample. Sample particles should be selectedby techniques that will minimize variation in measured char-acteristics between the available fractions and the resultingsample (Practi
28、ce C702). Many of these disadvantages may beeliminated if the drum contents can be emptied onto a protectedflat surface, allowing representative sampling of the disturbedpile using techniques described in Guides D6009 and D6323.7.1.5 The “Degenerative Fractional Shoveling Technique”may be considered
29、 for representative sampling of the uncon-solidated contents of drums or similar containers. If theinvestigation objectives require statistically representative datato define the average properties of drummed contents, thesampling technique used should ensure that every particle sizeand type is avai
30、lable for sampling. In the case of an openheaded drum of unconsolidated solid materials, the totalnumber of scoops or shovel fulls should be estimated for thematerials based upon the volume of the loaded scoop or shovelbeing used, or the materials from the drum should be removedcompletely using a sc
31、oop or shovel, counting the number ofscoop or shovel fulls required to do so. Material from the drumshould be placed either on plastic sheeting or into anothercomparably sized clean drum. Based on the total number ofscoop or shovel fulls removed, various scoop/shovels shouldbe selected systematicall
32、y or randomly to sample as thematerial is being returned to the original container. Thesesample portions/aliquots from the scoops or shovels, corre-sponding to the systematic or random numbers, should beplaced into the sample containers, prior to homogenizing andsubsampling the sample either in the
33、field or laboratory. Thenumber of portions/aliquots needed is a function of thecontainer size, particle size, and sample size.7.1.5.1 Alternate Shoveling and Fractional Shoveling tech-niques are fully described in Francis Pitard, “Pierre GuysSampling Theory the auger screws itself into the material
34、afterwards. Theauger is advanced to its full length and then pulled andremoved. Material from the deepest interval is retained on theauger flights. Sample material can be collected from the flightsusing a spatula or from the removed cuttings.8.6 Sampling with a Hammer and Chisel, Scissors, orTongs:8
35、.6.1 General DescriptionA hammer is used to impact ahardened steel chisel to break the unconsolidated material intochips, flakes, and chunks suitable for collection with a scoop.Scissors are used in combination with tongs to collect samplesof material that are clothlike, elastic, paperlike, etc.8.6.
36、2 Operation and UseThese tools are used as necessaryto collect sample material from the drum. A hammer and chiselhave been found useful in sampling drums for which particlesize reduction is necessary. This method is not recommendedfor samples requiring volatile organics analysis.8.7 Sampling with a
37、Concentric Tube Thief:8.7.1 General DescriptionThis device consists of twotubes, one fitting snugly inside the other (see Fig. 6). Thebottom end of the outer tube is fitted with a point. Oblong holesare cut through both tubes. The holes are opened or closed byrotating the inner tube. They are constr
38、ucted as either singlecompartment (single-slot and multi-slot tube thiefs) or single orFIG. 2 ShovelsFIG. 3 Thin-Walled Tube SamplerFIG. 4 Trier FIG. 5 Augers (Typical)D5680 145multiple compartment (Missouri D Tube or Grain Probe)sampling devices. Concentric tube thiefs are commerciallyavailable up
39、to 12 ft (3.7 m) long and several in. (cm) indiameter. Concentric tube thiefs have a limited application forsampling drums. Material that is not free-flowing, such as thosethat are hard packed, moist, or finely powdered, will not enterthis sampler under normal field conditions. Sampling ofmaterials
40、containing granules or particles exceeding one-thirdof the slot width should not be attempted because bridging mayoccur. These devices cannot sample the bottom of a drumbecause of their pointed ends.8.7.2 Operation and UseInsert the tube in the closedposition into the material, and push with uniform
41、 force to thebottom of the drum or until refusal. Rotate the concentric tubesto the open position, thereby allowing the sample to flow intothe inner tube. Wiggle the sampler several times, and rotate thetubes to the closed position. Withdraw the sampler. Place thesampling device immediately over a s
42、ample collection sheet,and release the sample by rotating the concentric tubes to theopen position. A sample can normally be removed from thethief with a spatula or similar instrument (reamer) and placedin the sample container or the contents can be emptiedcompletely and subsampled as needed.9. Post
43、-Sampling9.1 Remove all sampling equipment from the work zone.9.2 Transfer all reusable equipment that was in contact withthe waste to a pre-designated decontamination area. Decon-taminate the equipment according to the protocol established inthe work plan (Practice D5088). Decontaminated samplingeq
44、uipment should be protected from further contamination.This may include, but not be limited to, storage in aluminumfoil, plastic bags, PTFE film, or other means of protection thatwill not impact the sample quality or intended analysis.9.3 Dispose of all used (disposable) sample contactingequipment.1
45、0. Data Quality Objectives10.1 The objectives for sampling and testing of unconsoli-dated solid material should be specified in the work plan.11. Quality Control11.1 Quality control (QC) (for example, equipment blanks,trip blanks, and duplicates) must be collected as required by thework plan. These
46、QC samples shall be evaluated to provide adetermination of the sampling quality and reliability of theresulting analytical data.12. Keywords12.1 Auger; concentric tube thief; scoop; thin-wall tube;trier; unconsolidated solids; wasteASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any
47、patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revis
48、ion at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your c
49、omments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (
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