ASTM D5681-2008 838 Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management.pdf

1、Designation: D 5681 08Standard Terminology forWaste and Waste Management1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses

2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of termsused in the general area of waste and waste management. It isintended to promote understanding by pro

3、viding precise tech-nical definitions of terms used in the standards developed byCommittee D34 and its subcommittees.1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, andhaving a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined orexplained in the terminology section of that individual stan-dard.2. R

4、eferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1215 Guide for Preparing and Interpreting Precision andBias Statements in Test Method Standards Used in theNuclear IndustryD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD 4547 Gui

5、de for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement ofContaminant Sorption by Soils and SedimentsD 4790 Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Re-lated ChemicalsD 4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in aColumn ApparatusD 5120 Tes

6、t Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Micro-bial Cultures in the Activated Sludge ProcessD 5231 Test Method for Determination of the Compositionof Unprocessed Municipal Solid WasteD 5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurementof Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and SedimentsD 5368 Test

7、Methods for Gravimetric Determination ofTotal Solvent Extractable Content (TSEC) of Solid WasteSamplesD 5369 Practice for Extraction of Solid Waste Samples forChemical Analysis Using Soxhlet ExtractionD 5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value ofWaste MaterialsD 5660 Test Method for Assess

8、ing the Microbial Detoxifi-cation of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Usinga Toxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine BacteriumD 5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids inDrums or Similar ContainersD 5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids inDrums or Similar ContainersD 5743 Pra

9、ctice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liq-uids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Con-tainersD 5744 Test Method for Laboratory Weathering of SolidMaterials Using a Humidity CellD 5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-Term Measures or Early Actions for Site RemediationD 5746

10、Classification of Environmental Condition of Prop-erty Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realign-ment FacilitiesD 5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash andClean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential UsesD 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management A

11、ctivities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for HeterogeneousWastesD 6008 Practice for Conducting Environmental BaselineSurveysD 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-ment of Waste and Contaminated MediaD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Fiel

12、d Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD 6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Contain-ers by Field Personnel1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminol-ogy.Curren

13、t edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 568198a(2004)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards

14、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Con-fidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mea

15、n Concentrationin Waste Management DecisionsD 6270 Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil EngineeringApplicationsD 6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Selection andOptimization of Sampling DesignD 6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media R

16、e-lated to Waste Management ActivitiesD 6346 Guide for Accepting, Segregating and PackagingMaterials Collected Through Household Hazardous WasteProgramsD 6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With AutomaticSamplersD 6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estima-tion of a Mean Concentration in En

17、vironmental SamplingD 6661 Practice for Field Collection of Organic Com-pounds from Surfaces Using Wipe SamplingD 6700 Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived FuelD 6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab andDiscrete Depth SamplersD 6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling andMeasuremen

18、t Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty andIts Components in Waste Management Decision-MakingD 6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether aChemical Analytical Measurement System Provides Ana-lytical Results Consistent with Their Intended UseD 6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots and Buried

19、Ob-jects Using Point-Net (Grid) Search PatternsE 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 702 Specification for Municipal Ferr

20、ous ScrapE 708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material forthe Manufacture of Glass ContainersE711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb CalorimeterE 828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 Fromits Sieve AnalysisE 850 Practice for Use of Inorganic

21、Process Wastes asStructural FillE 856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating toPhysical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse DerivedFuelE 868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests onMechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource Re-covery SystemsE 884 Practice for Sampling Airbor

22、ne Microorganisms atMunicipal Solid-Waste Processing FacilitiesE 889 Test Method for Composition or Purity of a SolidWaste Materials StreamE 897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Refuse-Derived FuelE 929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Re-quirements of Processing E

23、quipmentE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-DerivedFuel Laboratory SampleE 953 Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel(RDF) AshE 959 Test Method for Characterizing the Performance ofRefuse Size-Reduction E

24、quipmentE 1037 Test Method for Measuring Particle Size Distribu-tion of RDF-5E 1138 Terminology for Technical Aspects of ProductsLiability LitigationE 1183 Test Method for Air Drying RDF-5 for FurtherAnalysisE 1248 Practice for Shredder Explosion ProtectionE 1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of

25、Lime, Fly Ash,and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and OtherConstruction Applications3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized mean-ings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management ofwaste.3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other thanwas

26、te and waste management. For terms applicable to othersubject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) shouldbe consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation ofASTM Standard Definitions3and the list of terminologystandards cited therein.3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste

27、or wastemanagement may use terms defined more narrowly than thoseincluded here. The more specialized terminology standardsrelating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms definedwithin individual standards, or both, should be consulted forthe exact meaning intended within a given standard.3

28、.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology(Special Technical Publication (STP) 832)4contains manyterms and may be useful for those not listed in terminologystandards. However, a definition in a standard terminologyshall be considered governing when the term is used in thesense or meaning defi

29、ned therein.3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology tothe extent that the terms, when used regarding waste andmanagement of waste, have the same meanings as in PracticeE 177 or Terminology E 456.3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatoryagencies for special regulatory p

30、urposes and may have techni-cal content or meaning different from terms defined herein.When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from aterm given here, the regulatory term should be considered totake precedence for regulatory matters.4. Terminologyaccepts, nthe output stream from a mater

31、ials separationdevice that contains the highest concentration (purity) of the3Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.4Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983.D5681082components that the device is designed to separate.accuracy, ncloseness of a m

32、easured value to the true or anaccepted reference or standard value. E 135, D 6311acid producing potential (AP), nthe potential for a solidmaterial sample to produce acidic effluent, based on thepercent of sulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfidemineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). T

33、he AP iscommonly converted to the amount of calcium carbonaterequired to neutralize the resulting amount of acidic effluentproduced by the oxidation of contained iron sulfide minerals;it is expressed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonateper 1000 tons of solid material. The AP is therefore calc

34、u-lated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contained in thematerial by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25. D 5744action level (AL)the level above or below which will lead tothe adoption of one of two alternative actions. D 6956adiabatic calorimeter, na calorimeter that has a jackettemperature adjus

35、ted to follow the calorimeter temperatureas closely as possible so as to maintain zero thermal head.D 5468air dryinga process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring itsmoisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere inthe room in which the sieving is to take place. E 828air dryinga process of

36、partial drying of RDF to bring itsmoisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere inwhich further reduction, division, and characterization of thesample are to take place. In order to bring about theequilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying undercontrolled temperature conditions r

37、anging from 30 to 40C.E 949all season radial, na highway tire designed to meet theweather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets theRubber Manufacturers Association5definition of a mud andsnow tire. D 6700altered tire, na scrap tire which has been modified so that itis no longer capable o

38、f retaining air, holding water, or beingused on a vehicle. D 6700analysis, nthe activity to determine the proximate andultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.D 6700analysis sample, nthe final subsample prepared from theair-dried laboratory sample but reduced in particle size byp

39、assing through a mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02in.) size orsmaller final screen.analysis samplethe final subsample prepared from theair-dried laboratory sample but reduced by passing through amill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen.E 949analysis of variance (ANOVA), na statistical metho

40、d ofdecomposing (or breaking down) the total variance andestimating or testing its contributing component variancesfor statistical significance. D 6842analytethe constituent to be measured. D 6956analytical unit, nthe actual amount of the sample materialanalyzed in the laboratory. D 6044applicable o

41、r relevant and appropriate requirements(ARAR)those requirements, cleanup standards, standardsof control, and other substantive environmental protectionrequirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated underfederal or state law that show either a direct correspondenceor address problems or situation

42、s sufficiently similar at a siteto show that they are well suited for application. D 5745asbestossix naturally occurring fibrous minerals found incertain types of rock formations. Of the six, the mineralschrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite have been most com-monly used in building products. When mi

43、ned and pro-cessed, asbestos is typically separated into very thin fibers.Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion-resistant, asbestos was used in many commercial productsbeginning early in this century and peaking in the periodfrom World War II into the 1970s. When inhaled in suffic

44、ientquantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems.D 6008asbestos-containing material (ACM)any material or prod-uct that contains more than 1 % asbestos. D 6008as-determined basis, nanalytical data obtained from ananalysis sample after conditioning and preparation whichrepresent the n

45、umerical values obtained at the particularmoisture and ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.as-received basis, ntest data calculated to the condition ofthe sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before anylaboratory processing or conditioning.ash nthe residue remaining after ignition

46、of a substance asdetermined by definite prescribed methods.DISCUSSIONAsh may not be identical in composition or quantitywith the inorganic substances present in the analysis sample beforeignition.attribute, na quality of samples or a population. D 5956,D 6311auxiliary variable, nthe secondary charac

47、teristic or mea-surement of interest.DISCUSSIONIn ranked set sampling, information contained in anauxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking maymimic the rankings of the samples with respect to the values of theprimary variable when there is correlation between the auxiliaryv

48、ariable and the primary variable. Auxiliary information may includevisual inspection, inexpensive quick measurement, knowledge ofoperational history, previous site data, or any other similar information.D 6582balanced design, na statistical study where replication ineach of the levels of ANOVA is id

49、entical. D 6842baling, na method of volume reduction whereby tires arecompressed into bales. D 6270bead, nthe anchoring part of the tire which is shaped to fitthe rim and is constructed of bead wire wrapped by the plies.D 6270bead, nthe anchoring part of the tire, which is shaped to fitthe rim. The bead is constructed of high tensile steel wireswrapped by the plies. D 6700bead wire, na high tensile steel wire surrounded by rubber,which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm contact tothe rim. D 6270, D 6700bear claw, nthe rough-edged bead wire