1、Designation: D5681 16D5681 16aStandard Terminology forWaste and Waste Management1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms used in the general area of waste and waste management. It isintended to promote understandin
3、g by providing precise technical definitions of terms used in the standards developed byCommittee D34 and its subcommittees.1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or explainedin the terminology section of that individual standa
4、rd.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced
5、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic CompoundsD4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by
6、 Soils and SedimentsD4790 Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related ChemicalsD4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in a Column ApparatusD5120 Test Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Microbial Cultures in the Activated Sludge Process (Withdrawn 2014)3D5231 Test Method for Determin
7、ation of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid WasteD5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurement of Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments (Withdrawn2008)3D5368 Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Total Solvent Extractable Content (TSEC) of Solid Waste Samples(Wi
8、thdrawn 2014)3D5369 Practice for Extraction of Solid Waste Samples for Chemical Analysis Using Soxhlet Extraction (Withdrawn 2016)3D5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of Waste Materials (Withdrawn 2016)3D5660 Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxification of Chemically Contam
9、inated Water and Soil Using a ToxicityTest with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium (Withdrawn 2014)3D5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or Similar ContainersD5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or Similar ContainersD5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilay
10、ered Liquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar ContainersD5744 Test Method for Laboratory Weathering of Solid Materials Using a Humidity CellD5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-Term Measures or Early Actions for Site RemediationD5746 Classification of Environmental Condition
11、 of Property Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realignment FacilitiesD5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential UsesD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data QualityObjec
12、tives1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminology.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016Nov. 1, 2016. Published February 2016December 2016. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous editi
13、on approved in 20132016as D5681 13.16. DOI: 10.1520/D5681-16.10.1520/D5681-16A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
14、 the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be techni
15、cally possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
16、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous WastesD6008 Practice for Conducting Environmental Baseline SurveysD6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Management of Waste and Contaminated MediaD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and
17、 Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers by Field PersonnelD6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentration in WasteManagement DecisionsD6270 Practice for
18、 Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering ApplicationsD6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization ofSampling DesignD6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Related to Waste Management ActivitiesD6346 Guide for Accepting, S
19、egregating and Packaging Materials Collected Through Household Hazardous Waste ProgramsD6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With Automatic SamplersD6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estimation of a Mean Concentration in Environmental Sampling (Withdrawn2012)3D6661 Practice for Field Colle
20、ction of Organic Compounds from Surfaces Using Wipe SamplingD6700 Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived FuelD6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth SamplersD6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling and Measurement Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty and ItsCompon
21、ents in Waste Management Decision-Making (Withdrawn 2015)3D6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether a Chemical Analytical Measurement System Provides AnalyticalResults Consistent with Their Intended UseD6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots Using Point-Net (Grid) Search PatternsE135 Termin
22、ology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE702 Specification for Municipal Ferrous ScrapE708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Materia
23、l for the Manufacture of Glass ContainersE711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn 2011)3E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 From its Sieve Analysis (Withdrawn 2009)3E850 Guide for Characterization of Inorganic Process Wastes
24、for Use as Structural FillE856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuel(Withdrawn 2011)3E868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests on Mechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource RecoverySystems (Withdrawn 2013)3E884 P
25、ractice for Sampling Airborne Microorganisms at Municipal Solid-Waste Processing FacilitiesE889 Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid Waste Materials StreamE897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)3E929 Test Method for Measuring El
26、ectrical Energy Requirements of Processing Equipment (Withdrawn 2014)3E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental FateE949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample (Withdrawn 2011)3E953E953/E953M Test Method Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Der
27、ived Fuel (RDF) AshE955 Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel MacrosamplesE959 Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction EquipmentE1138 Terminology for Technical Aspects of Products Liability Litigation (Withdrawn 1995)3E1248 Practice for Shredd
28、er Explosion ProtectionE1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other ConstructionApplicationsE1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment ProcessE1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Di
29、ligence: Transaction Screen Process3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized meanings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management of waste.3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other than waste and waste management. For terms applicable to other
30、subjectareas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) should be consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation of ASTM StandardDefinitions4 and the list of terminology standards cited therein.4 Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.D5681 16a23.3 Standards relating
31、to subcategories of waste or waste management may use terms defined more narrowly than those includedhere. The more specialized terminology standards relating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms defined within individualstandards, or both, should be consulted for the exact meaning inten
32、ded within a given standard.3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology (Special Technical Publication (STP) 832)5 contains many terms andmay be useful for those not listed in terminology standards. However, a definition in a standard terminology shall be consideredgoverning when the term is
33、used in the sense or meaning defined therein.3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology to the extent that the terms, when used regarding waste and managementof waste, have the same meanings as in Practice E177 or Terminology E456.3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatory
34、 agencies for special regulatory purposes and may have technical contentor meaning different from terms defined herein. When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from a term given here, theregulatory term should be considered to take precedence for regulatory matters.4. Terminologyaccept
35、s, nnthe output stream from a materials separation device that contains the highest concentration (purity) of thecomponents that the device is designed to separate.accuracy, ncloseness of a measured value to the true or an accepted reference or standard value. E135, D6311acid producing potential (AP
36、), nthe potential for a solid material sample to produce acidic effluent, based on the percent ofsulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfide mineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). The AP is commonly converted tothe amount of calcium carbonate required to neutralize the resulting amount of
37、 acidic effluent produced by the oxidation ofcontained iron sulfide minerals; it is expressed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonate per 1000 tons of solid material. TheAP is therefore calculated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contained in the material by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25
38、.D5744action level (AL)the level above or below which will lead to the adoption of one of two alternative actions. D6956adiabatic calorimeter, nna calorimeter that has a jacket temperature adjusted to follow the calorimeter temperature as closelyas possible so as to maintain zero thermal head. D5468
39、airdryinga process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in the roomin which the sieving is to take place. E828air dryinga process of partial drying of RDF to bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in whichfurther
40、 reduction, division, and characterization of the sample are to take place. In order to bring about the equilibrium, the RDFis usually subjected to drying under controlled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40C. E949all season radial, na highway tire designed to meet the weather conditions in
41、 all seasons of the year, that meets the RubberManufacturers Association6 definition of a mud and snow tire. D6700altered tire, na scrap tire which has been modified so that it is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, or being usedon a vehicle. D6700analysis, nthe activity to determine
42、the proximate and ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF. D6700analysis of variance (ANOVA), na statistical method of decomposing (or breaking down) the total variance and estimating ortesting its contributing component variances for statistical significance. D6842analytethe con
43、stituent to be measured. D6956analytical unit, nthe actual amount of the sample material analyzed in the laboratory. D6044applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARAR)those requirements, cleanup standards, standards of control,and other substantive environmental protection requirements,
44、 criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal or state law thatshow either a direct correspondence or address problems or situations sufficiently similar at a site to show that they are wellsuited for application. D5745asbestossix naturally occurring fibrous minerals found in certain types of
45、rock formations. Of the six, the minerals chrysotile,amosite, and crocidolite have been most commonly used in building products. When mined and processed, asbestos is typicallyseparated into very thin fibers. Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion-resistant, asbestos was used in ma
46、ny5 Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983.6 Available from Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA), 1400 K St., NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005, http:/www.rma.org.D5681 16a3commercial products beginning early in this century and peaking in the period from World War
47、II into the 1970s. When inhaledin sufficient quantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems. D6008asbestos-containing material (ACM)any material or product that contains more than 1 % asbestos. D6008as-determined basis, nnanalytical data obtained from an analysis sample after conditio
48、ning and preparation which representthe numerical values obtained at the particular moisture and ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.as-received basis, nntest data calculated to the condition of the sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before any laboratoryprocessing or conditionin
49、g.ash, nnthe residue remaining after ignition of a substance as determined by definite prescribed methods.DISCUSSIONAsh may not be identical in composition or quantity with the inorganic substances present in the analysis sample before ignition.attribute, na quality of samples or a population. D5956, D6311auxiliary variable, nthe secondary characteristic or measurement of interest.DISCUSSIONIn ranked set sampling, information contained in an auxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking may mimic the rankings of thesamples with
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