1、Designation: D5687/D5687M 95 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide forPreparation of Flat Composite Panels with ProcessingGuidelines for Specimen Preparation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5687/D5687M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidelines to facilitate the properpreparation of l
3、aminates and test specimens from fiber-reinforced organic matrix composite prepregs. The scope islimited to organic matrices and fiber reinforcement in unidi-rectional (tape) or orthagonal weave patterns. Other forms mayrequire deviations from these general guidelines. Other pro-cessing techniques f
4、or test coupon preparation, for example,pultrusion, filament winding and resin-transfer molding, arenot addressed.1.2 Specimen preparation is modeled as an 8-step processthat is presented in Fig. 1 and Section 8. Laminate consolida-tion techniques are assumed to be by press or autoclave. Thispractic
5、e assumes that the materials are properly handled by thetest facility to meet the requirements specified by the materialsupplier(s) or specification, or both. Identification and infor-mation gathering guidelines are modeled after Guide E1309.Test specimens shall be directly traceable to material use
6、d asdesignated in Guide E1434. Proper test specimen identificationalso includes designation of process equipment, process steps,and any irregularities identified during processing.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text t
7、heinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of
8、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C297/C297M Test Method fo
9、r Flatwise Tensile Strength ofSandwich ConstructionsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced PlasticsD3163 Test Method
10、for Determining Strength ofAdhesivelyBonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Ten-sion LoadingD3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterialsD3531 Test Method for Resin Flow of Carbon Fiber-EpoxyPrepregD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD3990 Terminology Relating to F
11、abric DefectsD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAbsorption Prop-erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer MatrixComposite MaterialsE1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinf
12、orcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-drawn 2015)3E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn2015)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D3878 defines terms relatingto high-modulus fibers and their composites.
13、 TerminologyD883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology D123defines textile related terms. Terminology D4850 defines terms1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on CompositeMaterials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina andLaminate Test Meth
14、ods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5687/D5687M - 95(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D5687_D5687M-95R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
15、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
16、n, PA 19428-2959. United States1relating to fabric. In the event of a conflict between terms,Terminology D3878 shall have precedence over the otherstandards.3.2 Description of Trems Used in This StandardThe termsused in this guide may conflict with general usage. There is notyet an established conse
17、nsus concerning the use of these terms.The following descriptions are intended only for use in thisguide.3.2.1 bag, vthe process of enclosing the ply layers withina flexible container. See lay-up.3.2.2 base plate, na flat plate on which a laminate is laidup usually made of aluminum and 6 mm 0.25 in.
18、 or thickerwith a flatness requirement of 0.05 mm 0.002 in. or less.3.2.3 breather string, na glass string connected from thelaminate to a breather in the autoclave bag. It is used as adegassing aid; providing a path for gasses to be transferredfrom the laminate.3.2.4 caul plate, na flat plate used
19、to provide a flat surfaceto the top of the laminate during laminate consolidationusually made of aluminum and 3 mm 0.125 in. thick orthicker with a flatness requirement of 0.05 mm 0.002 in. orless.3.2.5 cloth, na piece of textile fabric containing wovenreinforcement without a load transferring matri
20、x.3.2.6 dam, na solid material (such as silicone rubber, steelor aluminum) used in the autoclave bag to contain the matrixmaterial within defined boundaries during laminate consolida-tion.3.2.7 debulk, vprocess of decreasing voids betweenlamina before laminate consolidation through use of vacuum orb
21、y mechanical means. Laminae can be debulked at ambient orelevated temperatures.3.2.8 doubler, nan unbonded tab used to hold the laminatespecimen in a grip or fixture. See tab.3.2.9 fiber washing, nthe tendency of fibers to changeorientation due to resin flow from the original lay-up direction.Fiber
22、washing may occur during the laminate consolidationprocess mainly at the sides of a laminate.3.2.10 fill, n(1) Fiber inserted by the shuttle duringweaving also designated as filling. See Terminology D123.(2)The direction of fiber running perpendicular to the warp fibers.3.2.11 flip/flop, vthe proces
23、s of alternating plies throughan angle orientation of 180 during laminate lay-up. Thispractice is commonly used if material of the same width as thelaminate has a reoccurring flaw. The process changes thelocation of the flaw so that it does not unduly affect thelaminate structure.3.2.12 flaw, na mat
24、erial defect, typically occurring in thediscrete fiber reinforcement, but possible in the matrix.3.2.13 flow, nthe movement of uncured matrix underpressure during laminate consolidation.3.2.14 harness, na weaving designation of how many fillfibers a warp float crosses in a satin weave. Typical weave
25、s are5-Harness and 8-Harness.3.2.15 joint, na location where two edges of prepreg meet.Two common types of joints used in lay-up are a butt joint(where 2 plies are aligned edge to edge) and an overlap joint(where the edge of each ply is overlapped some specified widthwith another ply).3.2.16 lay-up,
26、 nthe finished product of ply stacking andbagging operations.3.2.17 matrix, nthe continuous constituent of a compositematerial.3.2.18 mold, nthe support structure that holds the laminateor lay-up during the laminate consolidation process.3.2.19 non-perforated TFE, na non-porous tetrafluoroeth-ylene
27、film.3.2.20 panel, na uniformly contoured composite laminate,typically flat.3.2.21 peel ply, na cloth with release capabilities. Usuallyused in conjunction with laminates requiring secondary bond-ing.3.2.22 perforated TFE, na porous tetrafluoroethylene filmused in the bagging process that allows gas
28、ses or excess matrixmaterials to escape from a laminate during laminateconsolidation, while protecting the laminate from physicalbonding to other items such as base plates or caul plates.3.2.23 ply, na single layer of prepreg used in lay-up.3.2.24 press, nequipment consisting of heated, flat usu-all
29、y within a tolerance of 0.3 mm 0.01 in. or less platens thatsupply pressure against a surface.NOTE 1Material identification is mandatory. Continuous traceabilityof specimens is required throughout the process.Process checks (Appendix X4) may be done at the end of each step toverify that the step was
30、 performed to give a laminate or specimen ofsatisfactory quality.Steps 4 and 5 may be interchanged. For aramid fibers, step 5 routinelyprecedes step 4.Steps 6, 7 and 8 may be interchanged.FIG. 1 8 Step Mechanical Test Data ModelD5687/D5687M 95 (2015)23.2.25 satin, adja weave pattern in which warp fl
31、oats passover several yarns before crossing under a single yarn. It ischaracterized by parallel fibers and no diagonal pattern.3.2.26 sealant, na high temperature material used to sealthe edges of a vacuum bag to the base plate during aconsolidation or debulking cycle.3.2.27 staggered, adjthe descri
32、ption of ply placementwhere the joints are not positioned in the same inplane locationthrough some specified thickness of the laminate.3.2.28 tab, na piece of material used to hold the laminatespecimen in a grip or fixture for testing so that the laminate isnot damaged, and is adequately supported.
33、It is bonded to thespecimen. An unbonded tab is termed a doubler.3.2.29 TFE coated cloth, na cloth coated with a tetrafluo-roethylene coating. This is used in the bagging process to allowgases or excess matrix material to escape during the laminateconsolidation. It differs from perforated TFE in tha
34、t it gives atextured surface to the laminate.3.2.30 traveler, na coupon with the same nominal thick-ness and width as the test specimen, made of the same materialand processed similarly to the specimen except usually withouttabs or gages. The traveler is used to measure mass changesduring environmen
35、tal conditioning when it is impractical tomeasure these changes on the actual specimen.3.2.31 vacuum bag, na low gas permeable material usedto enclose and seal the laminate during a consolidation ordebulking cycle.3.2.32 vacuum couple, nthe mechanical connection thatseals the vacuum source to the la
36、y-up during a consolidation ordebulking cycle.3.2.33 warp surface, nthe ply surface which shows thelarger area of warp tows with respect to filling tows. Fabricswhere both surfaces show an equal area of warp tows withrespect to filling tows do not have a warp surface.3.2.34 warp nested, nwarp plies
37、alternated in the patternwarp surface up, warp surface down.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes the general process flow for prepa-ration of flat composite panels and provides specific recom-mended techniques that are generally suitable to laminatedfibrous organic polymer matrix composites f
38、or each of theprocess steps to test specimen fabrication.4.2 The specific techniques included in this guide are theminimum recommended for common composite material sys-tems as represented in the scope of this guide. For a givenapplication other techniques may need to be added or substi-tuted for th
39、ose described by this guide.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques described in this guide, if properly usedin conjunction with a knowledge of behavior of particularmaterial systems, will aid in the proper preparation of consoli-dated laminates for mechanical property testing.5.2 The techniques d
40、escribed are recommended to facilitatethe consistent production of satisfactory test specimens byminimizing uncontrolled processing variance during specimenfabrication.5.3 Steps 3 through 8 of the 8-step process may not berequired for particular specimen or test types. If the specimenor test does no
41、t require a given step in the process of specimenfabrication, that particular step may be skipped.5.4 A test specimen represents a simplification of thestructural part. The test specimens value lies in the ability ofseveral sites to be able to test the specimen using standardtechniques. Test data ma
42、y not show identical properties tothose obtained in a large structure, but a correlation can bemade between test results and part performance. This may bedue, in part, to the difficulty of creating a processing environ-ment for test specimens that identically duplicates that of largerscale processes
43、.5.5 Tolerances are guidelines based on current lab practices.This guide does not attempt to give detailed instructions due tothe variety of possible panels and specimens that could bemade. The tolerances should be used as a starting referencefrom which refinements can be made.6. Interferences6.1 Sp
44、ecimen preparation practices should reflect those usedon an applicable part, to the greatest extent practical. However,due to scaling effects, processing requirements for test lami-nates may not exactly duplicate the processes used in largerscale components. The user should attempt to understand and
45、control those critical process parameters that may produce adifference in material response between the test coupon and thestructure. Critical process parameters are material, application,and process dependent and are beyond the scope of this guide.6.2 Laminate quality is directly related to the pre
46、vention ofcontamination during lay-up and processing.7. Apparatus and MaterialsNOTE 1This section provides a listing of apparatus and material itemsthat have been shown to be acceptable. The list is not meant to be allinclusive, but may be helpful to novice users.7.1 Equipment:7.1.1 Lay-up Environme
47、nt/Tools:7.1.1.1 TablesTables should be1m3ftinheight (oradjustable tables) with ample area for lay-up. The table shouldbe accessible from all sides. The table surface should have afully supported metal or wood undersurface. The table surfaceshould be of (1) safety glass with edges protected by alumi
48、numangle plate or (2) A toughened transparent plastic sheet.7.1.1.2 Convenient accessibility of lay-up materialsWallracks hold bulk cloth, TFE, and other expendable baggingmaterials.These racks typically consist of a steel rod which canhold a roll of material. The rods should be able to accommo-date
49、 material rolls up to 1.5 m 60 in. wide. The spacingbetween racks should be a minimum of 0.4 m 15 in. spacingbetween rods with the bottom rod being no closer than 0.6 m25 in. to the floor and the top rod being no higher than 2.2 m85 in. from the floor. Cabinets and drawers hold other lay-upmaterials such as sealants, spare tape, vacuum couples, hoses,D5687/D5687M 95 (2015)3caul plates, thermocouple wire, and so forth. These should becompartmentalized for easy access.7.1.1.3 Vacuum SupplyOverhead piping for vacuum w
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