1、Designation: D5718 13Standard Guide forDocumenting a Groundwater Flow Model Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5718; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers suggested components to be includedin documenting and archival of numerical groundwater flowmodel applications. Model docume
3、ntation includes a writtenand graphical presentation of model assumptions andobjectives, the conceptual model, code description, modelconstruction, model calibration, predictive simulations, andconclusions. Model archival refers to a file or set of files (inboth written and digital format) that cont
4、ains logs of significantmodel simulations (that is, calibration, sensitivity and predic-tion simulations), supplemental calculations, modeldocumentation, a copy of the model source code(s) or execut-able file(s) used, or both, and input and output data sets forsignificant model simulations.1.2 This
5、guide presents the major steps in preparing thedocumentation and archival for a groundwater flow modelapplication. Additional information on groundwater modeldocumentation can be found in EPA-500-B-92-006.21.3 This guide is specifically written for saturated, uniformdensity, groundwater flow model a
6、pplications. The elementspresented for documentation and archival are relevant andapplicable to a wide range of modeled processes (in and out ofthe realm of groundwater flow) and can be tailored for thoseapplications.1.4 This guide is not intended to be all inclusive. Eachmodel application is unique
7、 and may require supplementarydocumentation and archival.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
8、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all asp
9、ects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. T
10、he word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5490 Guide for Comparing Groundwater Flow ModelSimulations to Site-
11、Specific InformationD5609 Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Ground-water Flow ModelingD5610 Guide for Defining Initial Conditions in GroundwaterFlow ModelingD5611 Guide for Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis for aGroundwater Flow Model Application3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For defini
12、tions of general technical terms used withinthis guide, refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 Groundwater flow models are tools frequently appliedfor the analysis of hydrogeologic systems. Due to the signifi-cance of many decisions based upon modeling results, qualityassurance measure
13、s need to be applied to model applications.Complete model documentation is a mechanism to ensure thequality of the effort.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Cu
14、rrent edition approved April 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5718 95 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D5718-13.2Ground-Water Modeling Compendium, USEPA, Office of Solid Waste andEmergency Response, EPA-500-B-92-006, NTIS No. PB93207504. Availabl
15、e fromthe Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,DC, 20402.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
16、Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Several federal and state agencies have developed poli-cies regarding model documentation. This guide providesconsistency amongst current policies, an
17、d should be used as aframework for model documentation.5. Model Documentation5.1 Model documentation includes written and graphicalpresentations of model assumptions and objectives, the con-ceptual model, code description, model construction, modelcalibration, predictive simulations, and conclusions
18、.5.2 IntroductionPresent the modeling objectives, thefunction the model will serve, and a brief general setting of themodel area. Identify the individuals involved with the model-ing effort and their roles.5.2.1 Modeling ObjectivesClearly state the modelingobjectives, the purpose and goals of the st
19、udy, and theapplicability of the model as part of the study. Discuss whattypes of predictions are to be made with the model.5.2.2 Model FunctionDescribe how the model was usedto satisfy the purpose and goals of the study.5.2.3 General SettingInclude a general setting of relevantinformation on the re
20、gional characteristics of topography,geology, hydrology, and land use. Present a regional map withthe study area defined.5.3 Conceptual ModelPresent the conceptual model as asite-specific interpretation (based on collected data) of thecharacteristics and dynamics of the physical system beingstudied.
21、 Include discussion on the aquifer system (both geo-logic and hydrologic aspects), hydrologic boundaries, hydrau-lic properties, sources and sinks, and a water budget. The levelof detail in this interpretation should be consistent with theavailable data. Present and discuss data set origins, strengt
22、hs,deficiencies and their effects on the conceptual model.5.3.1 Aquifer SystemPresent an interpretation of the geo-logic and hydrologic characteristics of the aquifer system.Where appropriate, present hydrogeologic cross-sections andstructural contour and potentiometric surface maps to illustratedat
23、a and interpretations.5.3.2 Hydrologic BoundariesDiscuss the hydrologicboundaries that exist and their type(s) for the aquifer system.5.3.3 Hydraulic PropertiesPresent known hydraulic prop-erties of the aquifer system, such as hydraulic conductivity,transmissivity, storativity, and porosity. If thes
24、e parametersvary spatially, present the interpretation in map form.5.3.4 Sources and SinksPresent details on the location (ifa point source or sink), and the relative magnitude of thesource(s) or sink(s). If the source or sink is areal in extent,present information as to the variability or distribut
25、ion.5.3.5 Water BudgetPresent a water budget (either qualita-tive or quantitative, depending on the study objectives) thatinterprets how water is entering the aquifer system, how itmoves through the aquifer system, and how it exits the aquifersystem.5.4 Computer Code DescriptionPresent a description
26、 ofthe code used and discuss the selection criteria for the code. Ifa custom or altered code is used, list the vendor name, anyenhancements to the code, and how the code was tested.Present the simplifying assumptions inherent to the code, thelimitations to the code, and the governing equations that
27、thecode solves.5.4.1 AssumptionsDescribe the assumptions built into thecode, and justify the use of the code based on the studyobjectives and the conceptual model.5.4.2 LimitationsDescribe the limitations to the code, andthe adequacy of its use based on study objectives and theconceptual model inter
28、pretation.5.4.3 Solution TechniquesDescribe the solution tech-nique(s) used by the code.5.4.4 Effects on ModelDescribe how the assumptions andlimitations of the code affect model construction, and theirimpact (positive or negative) on model results.5.5 Model ConstructionDefine the model domain. Defi
29、neinitial conditions, boundary conditions, and hydraulicconditions, and the validity of their selection. Discuss anysimplifying assumptions made to the conceptual model. Dis-cussion should reference how the conceptual model is compat-ible with the modeling objectives and function. See GuideD5610.5.5
30、.1 Model DomainPresent the model domain as anoverlay on a topographic map of appropriate scale. Model gridspacing or element size should be discussed and justified basedon model objectives and the conceptual model. Preprocessingand postprocessing of model data must be thoroughlydocumented, including
31、 any computer codes used. If the modelconstruction is three-dimensional, describe how the layering isconstructed into the model, and justify the layering based onthe conceptual model.5.5.2 Hydraulic ParametersPresent hydraulic parametersassigned throughout the model area. If parameter values varyspa
32、tially in the model, present this distribution in map form.Refer to the conceptual model.5.5.3 Sources and SinksPresent sources and sinks, theirrespective stress rates, and how they are incorporated in themodel.5.5.4 Boundary ConditionsPresent in map form boundaryconditions constructed into the mode
33、l. Describe the types ofboundaries, and justify their use based on the conceptualmodel. See Guide D5609.5.5.5 Selection of Calibration Targets and GoalsPresentthe calibration targets and the goals of the calibration andjustify them based on the accuracy of the data used to constructthe model and the
34、 study objectives.5.5.6 Numerical ParametersPresent selection of any nu-merical parameters used in the solution technique (that is,closure criterion, acceleration, seed factor).5.6 CalibrationPresent and discuss model calibration pro-cedures. Present the results of the calibration simulation in mapf
35、orm and compare to hydraulic head and flow data. Discusscomparison of calibration simulations to site-specific informa-tion using qualitative and quantitative techniques (see GuideD5490). Discuss sensitivity analyses and the model verifica-tion. Discuss and present the simulations overall water budg
36、etand mass balance. Discuss additional insight gained from thecalibration regarding the conceptual model. Justify anyD5718 132changes made to the conceptual model. Document any pre-processing or post-processing algorithms, and any parametersthese algorithms use for processing.5.6.1 Qualitative/Quant
37、itative AnalysisDescribe the typeof analyses used to compare calibration to site-specific data andpresent their results. See Guide D5490.5.6.2 Sensitivity AnalysisPresent the goals of the sensitiv-ity analysis. Document the procedures used and the results ofthe sensitivity analysis, and their effect
38、s on the model. Focusshould be made on those parameters least well defined andmost critical to the model. Justify the range of the sensitivityanalyses based on the accuracy of the data. Provide the resultsof the sensitivity analysis in tabular or graphic form. See GuideD5611.5.6.3 Model Verification
39、Model verification goals shouldbe presented and discussed. Results of the verification shouldbe presented in map form. Residuals should be presented andtheir significance discussed. Discuss and present the simula-tions overall water budget and mass balance.5.7 Predictive SimulationsDescribe any pred
40、ictive simu-lations and how they relate to the study objectives. Detail andjustify the changes made to permit the calibrated model tosimulate these predictions. Present results of any predictivesimulations in graphical form.5.8 Summary and ConclusionsSummarize the modelingeffort and draw conclusions
41、 related to the study objectives.Discuss uncertainties inherent to the model and their effects onconclusions derived from the model.5.9 ReferencesProvide references for data, computercodes, and modeling procedures used as part of the modelingeffort.6. Model Archive6.1 Maintain a model archive consis
42、ting of sufficient infor-mation generated during the modeling effort that a post-modeling audit could be adequately performed by a third partyand such that future reuse of the model is possible. Compo-nents of the archive include the copies of the original data usedto construct the model, simulation
43、 logs, a copy of computercodes used in the effort, a copy of the report documentation,and copies of model input and output (hard copy or digitalformat, or both, as appropriate) for the final calibrationsimulation and predictive simulations explored.6.2 Simulation LogsArchive a paper copy of the simu
44、la-tion log for each significant model simulation, that includingthe modelers name, the simulation date, the project name/number, the simulation number, the code used (and version),the purpose of the run, the input file names, comments on theinput data, the output file names, and comments on the res
45、ults.An example is presented in Appendix X1.6.3 Computer CodeArchive a digital copy of the execut-able code and if possible a copy of the source code forcomputer codes used in preprocessing, simulating and postpro-cessing. Include documentation or references for computercodes used.6.4 Model Document
46、ationArchive a paper copy of modeldocumentation.6.5 Input and OutputAt a minimum, archive model inputand output for the calibration simulation, the model verificationsimulation, sensitivity analyses and predictive simulations.7. Keywords7.1 archival; documentation; groundwater model; simula-tionAPPE
47、NDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. MODEL SIMULATION LOGX1.1 See Fig. X1.1.D5718 133BY DATESHEET NO. OFPROJECT NO.Simulation No. Archived on MediaCode Used Version No.Purpose of Simulation:Names of Input Files:Comments on Input Data:Names of Output Files:Comments on Results:FIG. X1.1 Model Simulation
48、LogD5718 134ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such
49、 rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a
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